References
- Allee G.L., Romsos D.R., Leveille G.A., Baker D.H. (1972). Metabolic consequences of dietary medium-chain triglycerides in the pig. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 139: 422–428.
- Anadón A. (2006). The EU ban of antibiotics as feed additives: alternatives and consumer safety. J. Vet. Pharm. Therap., 29: 41–44.
- Batovska D.I., Todorova I.T., Tsvetkova I.V., Najdenski H.M. (2009). Antibacterial study of the medium chain fatty acids and their 1-monoglycerides: individual effects and synergistic relationship. Pol. J. Microbiol., 58: 43–47.
- Bayley H.S., Holmes H.G., Stevenson K.R. (1974). Digestion by the pig the energy and nitrogen in dried, ensiled and organic-acid-preserved corn: with observations on the starch content of digesta samples. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 54: 377–383.
- Bergsson G., Arnfinnsson J., Steingrimsson O., Thormar H. (2001). Killing of grampositive cocci by fatty acids and monoglycerides. APMIS, 109: 670–678.
- Cera K.R., Mahan D.C., Cross R.F., Reinhart G.A., Whitmoyer R.E. (1988). Effect of age, weaning and postweaning diet on small intestinal growth and jejunal morphology in young swine. J. Anim. Sci., 66: 574–584.10.2527/jas1988.662574x
- Corring T., Aumaitre A., Durand G. (1978). Development of digestive enzymes in the piglet from birth to 8 weeks. I. Pancreas and pancreatic enzymes. Nutr. Metab., 22: 231–243.
- Decuypere J.A., Dierick N.A. (2003). The combined use of triacylglycerols containing medium-chain fatty acids and exogenous lipolytic enzymes as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics in piglets: concept, possibilities and limitations. An overview. Nutr. Res. Rev., 16: 193–209.10.1079/NRR200369
- Dicklin M.E., Robinson J.L., Lin X., Odle J. (2006). Ontogeny and chain-length specificity of gastrointestinal lipases affect medium-chain triacylglycerol utilization by newborn pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 84: 818–825.10.2527/2006.844818x
- Dierick N.A., Decuypere J.A., Degeyter I. (2003). The combined use of whole Cuphea seeds containing medium chain fatty acid and an exogenous lipase in piglet nutrition. Arch. Tierernähr., 57: 49–63.
- Eklund T. (1983). The antimicrobial effect of dissociated and undissociated sorbic acid at different pH levels. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 54: 383–389.10.1111/j.1365-2672.1983.tb02632.x
- Ferrara F., Tedin L., Pieper R., Meyer W., Zentek J. (2016). Influence of medium-chain fatty acids and short-chain organic acids on jejunal morphology and intra-epithelial immune cells in weaned piglets. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., Doi: 10.1111/jpn.12490, 10 pp.10.1111/jpn.12490,10pp
- Giesting D.W., Easter R.A. (1985). Response of starter pigs to supplementation of corn-soybean meal diets with organic acids. J. Anim. Sci., 60: 1288–1294.10.2527/jas1985.6051288x
- Graham S.A., Knapp S.J. (1989). Cuphea: a new plant source of medium-chain fatty acids. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 28: 139–173.10.1080/10408398909527495
- Guillot E., Lemarchal P., Dhorne T., Rerat A. (1994). Intestinal absorption of medium chain fatty acids: in vivo studies in pigs devoid of exocrine pancreatic secretion. Br. J. Nutr., 72: 545–553.10.1079/BJN19940058
- Hanczakowska E., Szewczyk A., Okoń K. (2011). Effect of dietary caprylic and capric acids on piglet performance and mucosal epithelium structure of ileum. J. Anim. Feed Sci., 20: 545–554.
- Hanczakowska E., Szewczyk A., Świątkiewicz M., Okoń K. (2013). Short- and medium-chain fatty acids as a feed supplement for weaning and nursery pigs. Pol. J. Vet. Sci., 16: 647–654.
- Hanczakowska E., Świątkiewicz M., Natonek-Wiśniewska M., Okoń K. (2016). Medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) and/or probiotic Enterococcus faecium as a feed supplement for piglets. Livest. Sci., 192: 1–7.
- Hassinen J.B., Durbin G.T., Bernhart F.W. (1951). The bacteriostatic effects of saturated fatty acids. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 31: 183–189.10.1016/0003-9861(51)90204-4
- Heo K.N., Lin X., Han I.K., Odle J. (2002). Medium-chain fatty acids but not l-carnitine accelerate the kinetics of [14C]triacylglycerol utilization by colostrum-deprived newborn pigs. J. Nutr., 132: 1989–1994.
- Hong S.M., Hwang J.H., Kim I.H. (2012). Effect of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics in weanling pigs. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 25: 1003–1008.
- Hsiao C.P., Siebert K.J. (1999). Modeling the inhibitory effects of organic acids on bacteria. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 47: 189–201.10.1016/S0168-1605(99)00012-4
- Kuang Y., Wang Y., Zhang Y., Song Y., Zhang X., Lin Y., Che L., Xu S., Wu D., Xue B., Fang Z. (2015). Effect of dietary combination of organic acids and medium chain fatty acids as a replacement of zinc oxide on growth, digestibility and immunity of weaned pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 208: 145–157.
- Lai W.K., Yen H.C., Lin C.S., Chiang S.H. (2014). The effects of dietary medium-chain triacylglycerols on growth performance and intestinal microflora in young pigs. J. Anim. Feed Sci., 23: 331–336.10.22358/jafs/65669/2014
- Lee H.F., Chiang S.H. (1994). Energy value of medium-chain triglycerides and their efficacy in improving survival of neonatal pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 72: 133–138.10.2527/1994.721133x
- Li Y., Zhang H., Yang L., Wang T. (2015). Effect of medium-chain triglycerides on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites and antioxidant capacity in weanling pigs. Anim. Nutr., 1: 12–18.
- Loh T.C., Foo H.L., Nguyen T.T., Choe D.W. (2013). Growth performance, plasma fatty acids, villous height and crypt depth of preweaning piglets fed with medium chain triacylglycerol. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 26: 700–704.
- Lu J.J., Zou X.T., Wang Y.M. (2008). Effects of sodium butyrate on the growth performance, intestinal microflora and morphology of weanling pigs. J. Anim. Feed Sci., 17: 568–578.10.22358/jafs/66685/2008
- Marounek M., Skrivanová E., Rada V. (2003). Susceptibility of Escherichia coli to C2-C18 fatty acids. Folia Microbiol. (Praha), 48: 731–735.10.1007/BF02931506
- Mohana Devi S., Kim I.H. (2014). Effect of medium chain fatty acids (MUFA) and probiotic (Enterococcus faecium) supplementation on the growth performance, digestibility, and blood profiles in weanling pigs. Vet. Med., 59: 527–535.
- Nakazato M., Murakami N., Date Y., Kojami M., Matsuo H., Kangawa K., Matsukura S. (2001). A role of ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding. Nature, 409: 194–198.
- Nieman C. (1954). Influence of trace amounts of fatty acids on the growth of microorganisms. Bacteriological Rev., 18: 147–163.
- Nishi Y., Hiejima H., Hosoda H., Kaiya H., Mori K., Fukue Y., Yanase T., Nawata H., Kangawa K., Kojima M. (2005). Ingested medium-chain fatty acids are directly utilized for the acyl modification of ghrelin. Endocrinology, 146: 2255–2264.
- Odle J. (1997). New insights into the utilization of medium-chain triglycerides by the neonate: observations from a piglet model. J. Nutr., 127: 1061–1067.
- Oprean L., Iancu R., Stan R., Traşcă C. (2011). Comparison between types of feeding on goat milk composition. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 44: 76–79.
- Partanen K., Mroz Z. (1999). Organic acids for performance enhancement in pig diets. Nutr. Res. Rev., 12: 117–145.10.1079/095442299108728884
- Piva A., Morlacchini M., Casadei G., Gatta P.P., Biagi G., Prandini A. (2002). Sodium butyrate improves growth performance of weaned piglets during the first period after weaning. Ital. J. Anim. Sci., 1: 35–41.
- Playoust M.R., Isselbacher K.J. (1964). Studies on the intestinal absorption and intramucosal lipolysis of a medium-chain triglyceride. J. Clin. Invest., 43: 878–885.10.1172/JCI104973
- Price K.L., Lin X., van Heugten E., Odle R., Willis G., Odle J. (2013). Diet physical form, fatty acid chain length, and emulsification alter fat utilization and growth of newly weaned pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 91: 783–792.10.2527/jas.2012-5307
- Ruzin A., Novick R.P. (2000). Equivalence of lauric acid and glycerol monolaurate as inhibitors of signal transduction in Staphylococous aureus. J. Bacteriol., 182: 2668–2671.
- Shilling M., Matt L., Rubin E., Visitacion M.P., Haller N.A., Grey S.F., Woolver-ton C.J. (2013). Antimicrobial effects of virgin coconut oil and its medium-chain fatty acids on Clostridium difficile. J. Med. Food, 16: 1079–1085.10.1089/jmf.2012.0303
- Skrivanová E., Marounek M., Benda V., Brezina P. (2006). Susceptibility of Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and Clostridium perfringens to organic acids and monolaurin. Vet. Med., 51: 81–88.
- Skrivanová E., Molatová Z., Skrivanová V., Marounek M. (2009). Inhibitory activity of rabbit milk and medium-chain fatty acids against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O128. Vet. Microbiol., 135: 358–362.
- Sprong R.C., Hulstein M.F.E., Vander Meer R. (2001). Bactericidal activities of milk lipids. Antimicrobial Agents Chemiotherapy, 45: 1298–1301.
- Stubbs R.S., Stabile B.E. (1985). Role of cystokinin in pancreatic response to intraluminal amino acids and fat. Amer. J. Physiol., 248: G347–G352.
- Suiryanrayna M.V.A.N., Ramana J.V. (2015). A review of the effects of dietary organic acids fed to swine. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 6, 45, DOI 10.1186/s40104-015-0042-z10.1186/s40104-015-0042-z
- Tang M., Laarveld B., Van Kessel A.G., Hamilton D.L., Estrada A., Patience J.F. (1999). Effect of segregated early weaning on postweaning small intestinal development in pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 77: 3191–3200.
- Traul K.A., Driedger A., Ingle D.L., Nakhasi D. (2000). Review of the toxicologic properties of medium-chain triglycerides. Food. Chem.Toxicol., 38: 79–98.
- Walz O.P., Palauf J. (1997). Retention and utilization of amino acids in piglets fed ad libitum or restrictively diets supplemented with organic acids. Arch. Tierernähr., 50: 227–238.
- Yen H-C., Lai W-K., Lin C-S., Chiang S-H. (2015). Medium-chain triglyceride as an alternative of in-feed colistin sulfate to improve growth performance and intestinal microbial environment in newly weaned pigs. Anim. Sci. J., 86: 99–104.
- Young L.G., Brown R.G., Sharp B.A. (1970). Propionic acid preservation of corn for pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 50: 711–715.
- Zentek J., Buchheit-Renko S., Männer K., Pieper R., Vahjen W. (2012). Intestinal concentrations of free and encapsulated dietary medium-chain fatty acids and effects on gastric microbial ecology and bacterial metabolic products in the digestive tract of piglets. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 66: 14–26.
- Zentek J., Ferrara F., Pieper R., Tedin L., Meyer W., Vahjen W. (2013). Effects of dietary combination of organic acids and medium chain fatty acids on the gastrointestinal microbial ecology and bacterial metabolites in the digestive tract of weaning piglets. J. Anim. Sci., 91: 3200–3210.10.2527/jas.2012-5673
- Zijlstra R.T., Whang K-Y., Easter R.A., Odle J. (1996). Effect of feeding a milk replacer to early-weaned pigs on growth, body composition, and small intestinal morphology, compared with suckled littermates. J. Anim. Sci., 74: 2948–2959.10.2527/1996.74122948x