Have a personal or library account? Click to login
The Effect of Season and Meteorological Stress Factors on Behavioural Responses and Activities of Donkeys (Equus Asinus) – A Review Cover

The Effect of Season and Meteorological Stress Factors on Behavioural Responses and Activities of Donkeys (Equus Asinus) – A Review

Open Access
|Apr 2015

References

  1. Aganga A.A., Tsopito C.M. (1998). A note on the feeding behaviour of domestic donkeys: a Bo­tswana case study. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 60: 235-239.
  2. Aganga A.A., Letso M., Aganga A.O. (2000). Feeding donkeys; Livestock Research for Ru­ral Development, retrieved from <http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd12/2/agan122.htm>.
  3. Anonymous (2011). Taxonomy and nomenclature of donkey. In: Beja-Pereira A.P., England N., Ferrand S., Jordan A., Bakhiet M., Abdalla M., Mashkour J., Jordana P., Taberlet G., 2004, Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 2003, Froehlich D., 2002. Quo vadis eohippus? The systematics and taxonomy of the early Eocene equids (Perrisodactyla). Zool. J. Linnean Soc., 134: 141-256.
  4. Arnold W., Ruf T., Reimoser S., Tataruch F., Onderscheka K., Schober F. (2006). Nocturnal hypometabolism as an overwintering strategy of red deer (Cervus elephus). Am. J. Phys­iol., 286: 174-181.
  5. Ashley F., Waterman-Pearson A., Whay H. (2005). Behavioural assessment of pain in hors­es and donkeys: applications to clinical practice and future studies. Equine Vet. J., 36: 566-575.
  6. Ayo J.O., Oladele S.B., Fayomi A. (2002). Behavioural reactions of cattle to stress situations: A review. J. Agric.Technol., 8: 15-20.
  7. Ayo J.O., Dzenda T., Zakari F.O. (2008). Individual and diurnal variations in rectal temperature, respiratory, and heart rate of pack donkeys during the early rainy season. J. Equine Vet. Sci., 28: 281-288.
  8. Ayo J.O., Dzenda T., Olaifa F, Ake S.A., Sani I. (2014). Diurnal and seasonal fluctuations in rectal temperature, respiration and heart rate of pack donkeys in a tropical Savannah Zone. J. Equine Sci., 25: 1-6.
  9. Bale O.O.J., Lakpini C.A.M., Mohammed A.K., Amodu J.T., Chiezey U.F., Ah­ med H.U., Otchere E.O. (2003). An appraisal study of donkey in three Northern states of Nige­ria. Nig. J. Anim. Prod., 30: 203-208.
  10. Bi J.H., Hu D.F., Ding Y., Si X.Y., Jiang Z.G. (2007). Time budget and behavior pattern of Asi­atic wild ass. Chin. J. Zool., 42: 51-56.
  11. Blench R. (2012). Wild asses and donkeys in Africa: interdisciplinary evidence for their biogeography, history and current use. Proc. 9th Donkey Conference, School of Oriental and African Studies.
  12. Blench R.M., De JodeA., Gherzi E. (2004). Donkeys in Nigeria: history, distribution and pro­ductivity. In: Donkeys, people and development. A resource book of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA), Starkey P., Fielding D. (eds). The Netherlands (CTA), Wageningen, pp. 210-219.
  13. Boissy A., Fisher A.D., Bouix J., Hinch G.N., Le Neindre P. (2005). Genetics and fear in ruminant livestock. Livest. Prod. Sci., 93: 23-32.
  14. Bonilla-Jaime H.,Vazquez-Palacios G.Arteaga-silva M.Retana-Marquez S. (2006). Hormonal responses to different sexually related conditions in male rats. Horm. Behav., 49: 376-382.
  15. Borioni M., Marinaro P., Celestini S., Del Sole F., Magro R., Zoppi D. (2012). Effect of equestrian therapy and onotherapy in physical and psycho-social performances of adults with intellectual disability. A preliminary study of evaluation tools based on the ICF classification. Disabil. Rehabil., 34: 279-297.
  16. Bott R.C., Greene E.A., Koch K, Martinson K.L., Siciliano P.D., Williams C, Trottier N.L., Burk A., Swinker A. (2013). Production and environmental implications of equine grazing. J. Equine Vet. Sci., 33: 1031-1043.
  17. Breed D.M., Sanchez L. (2012). Both environment and genetic makeup influences behaviour. Nat. Educ. Knowledge., 3: 68-70.
  18. Broster C.E., Burn C.C., Barr A.R., Whay H.R. (2009). The range and prevalence of pathological abnormalities associated with lameness in working horses from developing countries. Equine Vet., 41: 474-481.
  19. Brown-Brandl T.M. (2009). Overview of the progress in reducing environmental effects on cattle. In: Proc. Am. Dairy. Sci. Assoc. 18th Discover Conference. Nashville, IN, 2-5.11.2009.
  20. Burden F.A. (2011). Practical feeding and condition scoring for donkeys. Equine Vet. Educ., 24: 589-596.
  21. Burden F.A., Gallagher J., Thiermann A.K., Trawford A.F. (2008). Necropsy survey of gastric ulcers in a population of aged donkeys: prevalence, lesion description and risk factors. Ani­mal, 3: 287-293.
  22. Burden F.A., Du Toit N., Hazell-Smith E., Trawford A.F. (2011). Hyperlipaemia in a population of aged donkeys: description, prevalence and potential risk factors. J. Vet. Intern. Med., 25: 1420-1425.
  23. Burden F., Du Toit N., Thiermann A. (2013). Nutrition and dental care of donkeys. In Pract., 35: 405-410.
  24. Burn C.C., Dennison T.L., Whay H.R. (2010). Relationships between behaviour and healt in working horses, donkeys, and mules in developing countries. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 126: 109-118.
  25. Cain J.W., Krausman P.R., Rosenstock S.S., Turner J.C. (2006). Mechanisms of thermo­regulation and water balance in desert ungulates. Wildlife Soc. Bull., 34: 570-581.
  26. Caldin M., Furlanello T., Solano-Gallego L., Carli E., Tasca S., Lubas G. (2005). Reference in ranges for haematology, biochemical profile and electrophoresis in a single herd of Rangusa donkeys from Sicily, Italy. Comp. Clin. Path., 14: 5-12.
  27. Canacoo E.A., Avorny o F.K. (1998). Daytime activities of donkeys at range in the coastal savanna of Ghana. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 60: 229-234.
  28. Carretero-Roque L., Colunga B., Smith D.G., Gonzalez-Ronquillo M., Solis- -Mendez A., Castelan-Ortega O. (2005). Digestible energy requirements of Mexican donkeys fed oats straw and maize stover. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 37: 123-142.
  29. Christensen J.M., Zharwikh T., Ladewig J., Yasinetskaya N. (2002). Social behav­iour in stallion group (Equus caballus) more coincident with foaling. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 76: 11- 20.
  30. Cooper J.J., Albentosa M.J. (2005). Behavioural adaptation in the domestic horses: potential role of apparently abnormal responses including stereotypic behaviour. Livest. Prod. Sci., 92: 177-182.
  31. D’Alessandro A.G., Martemucci G., Casamassima D. (2007). Behavioural profile dur­ing suckling period in Martina Franca breed jennies reared under semi-extensive conditions. Ap­plied Anim. Behav. Sci., 106: 107-124.
  32. Daly E.W., Johnson P.T. (2011). Beyond immunity: quantifying the effects of host antiparasite behavior on parasite transmission. Acta. Oecol., 165: 1043-1050.
  33. David S., Wood S. (2008). Donkey Nutrition. In: The professional handbook of the donkey, Svend- sen D.J.E., Hadrill D. (eds). 4th ed. Yatesbury, Whittet Books, 10 p.
  34. Dey S., Dwivedi S.K., Malik P., Panisup A.S., Tandon S.N., Singh B.K. (2010). Mortal­ity associated with heat stress in donkeys in India. Vet. Rec., 166: 143-145.
  35. Du Toit N., Trawford A.F. (2010). Determination of serum insulin and insulin resistance in clini­cally normal donkeys and donkeys with a history of laminitis (obese and non-obese). J. Vet. Int. Med., 24: 779.
  36. Duncan P. (1985). Time-budgets of the Camargue horses: environment influences. Behaviour, 72: 26-49.
  37. Earley B., Buckham-Sporer K., Gupta S., Pang W., Ting S. (2010). Biologic response of animals to husbandry stress with implications for biomedical models. Open Access Anim. Physiol., 2: 25-42.
  38. Feh C. (1999). Alliances and reproductive success in Camargue stallions. Anim. Behav., 57: 705-713.
  39. Fernando P., Starkey P. (2000). Donkeys and development: socio-economic aspects of donkey use in Africa. In: Donkeys, People and Development - a resource book of the animal traction net­work for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA). ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 31-44.
  40. Ferreira L.M.M., Celaya R., Santos A.S., Garcia U., Garcia R.R., Rodri­ gues M.A.M., Osoro K. (2012). Foraging behaviour of equines grazing on partially im proved heathlands. In: Forages and grazing in horse nutrition. Wageningen Academic Publishers, pp. 227-230.
  41. Fielding D., Krause P. (1998). The tropical agriculturist-donkeys, Coste R., Smith A.J. (eds). Macmillian Education Ltd., London and Babingstoke, 119 pp.
  42. French J. (1989). Social behaviour. In: The professional handbook of the donkey, Svendsen, E.D. (ed). Donkey Sanctuary, Devon, pp. 161-167.
  43. Fynn R.W.S., O’Connor T.G. (2000). Effect of stocking rate and rainfall on rangeland dynamics and cattle performance in a semi-arid savanna, South Africa. J. Appl. Ecol., 37: 491-507.
  44. Goergen R. (2001). Life on the edge. New Sci., 2305: 30-33.
  45. Grinder M.I., Krausman P.R., Hoffmann R.S. (2006). Equus asinus. Mamm. Spec., 794: 1-9.
  46. Grosenburgh D.A., Reinmeyer C.R., Figueiredo M.D. (2011). Pharmacology and thera­peutics in donkeys. Equine Vet. Ed., 23: 523-530.
  47. Hagemoen R.I.M., R e i m e r s E. (2002). Reindeer summer activity pattern in relation to weather and insect harassment. J. Anim. Ecol., 71: 883-892.
  48. Havarua Z. (2011). Seasonal foraging behaviour of the plains zebra and the African elephant in rela­tion to the occurrence of anthrax in Etosha National Park, Namibia (www.wendyturner.org./pdf/Havarua_2011.pdf).
  49. Heleski C.R., Murtazashvili I. (2010). Daytime shelter-seeking behavior in domestic horses. J. Vet. Behav., 5: 276-282.
  50. Hemsworth P.H., Aland A., Madec F. (2009). Impact of human-animal interactions on the health, productivity and welfare of farm animals. In: Sustainable Animal Production, Aland A., Ma- dec F. (eds). Wageningen Academic Publishers, 27 pp.
  51. Hetem R.S., Strauss W.M., Heusinkveld B.G., De Bie S. Prins H.H.T., Van Wieren S.E. (2011). Energy advantages of orientation to solar radiation in three African rumi­nants. J. Therm. Biol., 36: 452-460.
  52. Holcomb K.E., Tucker C.B., Stull C .L. (2014). Preference of domestic horses for shade in a hot, sunny environment. J. Anim. Sci., 92: 1708-1717.
  53. Horowitz M. (2002). From molecular and cellular to integrative heat defence during exposure to chronic heat. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 131: 475-483.
  54. Houpt K.A. (1987). Thirst of horses: the physiological and psychological causes. Equine Pract., 9: 28-30.
  55. Houpt K.A. (2005). Maintenance behaviors. The domestic horse. In: The evolution, development and management of its behaviour, Mills D.S., McDonnell S. (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  56. Huynh T.T.T., Aarnink A.J.A. Verstegen M.W.A. Gerrits W.J.J., Heetkamp M.J.W., Kemps B., Canh T.T. (2005). Effects of increasing temperatures on physiological changes in pigs at different relative humidities. J. Anim. Sci., 83: 1385-1396.
  57. Ilius A.W., O’Connor T.G. (2000). Resource heterogeneity and ungulate population dynamics. Oikos, 89: 283-294.
  58. Jenkinson D.M., Elder H.Y., Bovell D.L. (2006). Equine sweating and anhidrosis Part 1-equine sweating. Vet. Dermatol., 17: 361-392.
  59. Kaczensky P., Ganbaatar O., Von wehrden H., Walzer C. (2008). Resource selection by sympatric wild equids in the Mongolian Gobi. J. Appl. Ecol., 45: 1762-1769.
  60. Kaczensky P, Dresley V, Vetter D., Otgonbayar H., Walzer C. (2010). Water use of Asiatic wild asses in the Mongolian Gobi. Exploration into the biological resources of Mongolia, 11: 291-298.
  61. Karatosidi D., Marsico G., Tarvicone S. (2013). Modern use of donkeys. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci., 3: 13-17.
  62. Keeling L., Jensen P. (2009). The ethology of domestic animals. Abnormal behaviour, stress and welfare, Jensen P. (ed.). 2nd ed. CAB International, pp. 1-8.
  63. Kimura R. (1998). Mutual grooming and preferred associate relationships in a band of free-ranging horses. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 59: 265-276.
  64. Kimura R. (2001). Volatile substances in faeces, urine and urine-marked faeces of feral horses. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 81: 411-420.
  65. Kimura B. Marshall F.B., Chen S. Rosenbom S., Moehlman P.D., Tuross N. Mul­ligan C.J (2011). Ancient DNA from Nubian and Somali wild ass provides insights into donkey ancestry and domestication. Proc. Royal Soc. Brit: Biol. Sci., 278: 50-57.
  66. Kumar S., Kumar Ajeet B.V., Meena K. (2011). Effects ofheat stress in tropical livestock and different strategies for its amelioration. J. Stress Physiol. Biochem., 7: 45-54.
  67. Laedwig J. (2000). Chronic intermittent stress: a model for the study of long term stressors. In: The biology of animal stress, Moberg G.P., Mench J.A. (eds.). CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, pp. 159-169.10.1079/9780851993591.0159
  68. Lagarde F. Bonnet X. Corbin Henen B. Nagy K, Mardonov B., Nau11eau G. (2003). Foraging behaviour and diet of an ectothermic herbivore: Testudo horsfieldi, Ecography, 26: 236-242.10.1034/j.1600-0587.2003.03365.x
  69. Lamoot I., Hoffmann M. (2004). Do season and habitat influence the behaviour of Haflinger mares in a coastal dune area? Belg. J. Zool., 134: 97-103.
  70. Lamoot I., Vandenberghe C., Bauwens D., Hoffmann M. (2005 a). Grazing behaviour of free-ranging donkeys and Shetland ponies in different reproductive states. J. Ethol., 23: 19-27.10.1007/s10164-004-0123-5
  71. Lamoot I. Callebaut J. Demeulenaere E. Vandenberghe C. Hoffmann M. (2005 b). Foraging behaviour of donkeys grazing in a coastal dune area in temperate climate condi­tions. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 92: 93-112.10.1016/j.applanim.2004.10.017
  72. Lincoln G.A. Johnston J.D. Anderson H. Wagner G. Hazlerigg D.G. (2005). Pho­torefractoriness in mammals: dissociating a seasonal timer from the circadian-based photoperiod response. Endocrinology, 146: 3782-3790.10.1210/en.2005-0132
  73. Mader T.L., Frank K.L., Harrington Jr J.A., Hahn G.L., Nienaber J.A. (2009). Poten­tial climate effects on warm season livestock production in the great plains. Clim. Change, 97: 529-541.
  74. Mansueto P. Iacono G. Taormina G. Seidita A. D’Alcamo A. Adragna F.R. Carta M., Rini G., Carrocio A. (2013). Asses milk in allergy to cow’s milk protein: A review. Acta. Med. Mediterr., 29, p. 153.
  75. Marshall F., Weissbrod L. (2011). Domestication processes and morphological change. Curr. Anthropol., 52: 397-413.
  76. McGreevy P. (2004). Ingestive behavior. In : Equine Behavior, a Guide for Veterinarians and Equine Scientist. Chapter 8. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 151-159.
  77. Menard C., Duncan P., Fleurence G., Georges J-Y., Lila M. (2002). Comparative forag­ing and nutrition of horses and cattle in European wetland. J. Appl. Ecol., 39: 120-133.
  78. Merrifield A. (2008) The wisdom of donkeys: Finding tranquility in a chaotic world. Greystone Books. Vancouver, B.C. 247 pp.
  79. Meyer H. (2002). Pferdefutterung. Berlin: Parey Verlag, 4th ed. Berlin, Germany.
  80. Minka N.S., Ayo J.O. (2007 a). Effect of shade provision on some physiological parameters, be­haviour and performance of pack donkeys (Equus asinus) during the hot-dry season. J. Eq. Sci. 18: 39-46.10.1294/jes.18.39
  81. Minka N.S., Ayo J.O. (2007 b). Physiological responses of transported goats treated with ascorbic acid during the hot-dry season. Anim. Sci. J., 78: 164-172.10.1111/j.1740-0929.2007.00421.x
  82. Mitchell D. Maloney S.K. Jessen C. Laburn H.P. Kamerman P.R. Mitchell G. Fuller A. (2002). Adaptive heterothermy and selective brain cooling in arid-zone mammals. Comp. Biochem. Phys. B, 131: 571-585.10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00012-X
  83. Moehlmann P.D. (1998). Behavioural patterns and communication in feral asses (Equus africanus). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 60: 171-195.
  84. Morrow L.D. Smith K.C. Piercy RJ. Du Toit N. Burden F.A. Olinos G. Grego­ry N.G., Verheyen K.L.P. (2011). Retrospective analysis of post-mortem findings in 1,444 aged donkeys. J. Comp. Pathol., 144: 145-156.10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.08.00520880543
  85. Murphy J., Arkins S. (2007). Equine learning behaviour. Behav. Process., 76: 1-13.
  86. Murugan G. (2006). Behaviour of urban working donkeys and welfare issues: Experiences from India. Proc. 5th International Colloquium on Working Equine. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 30.10-2.11.2006.
  87. National Equine Welfare Council (2005). Equine Industry Welfare Guidelines Compendium for Horses, Ponies and Donkeys. Oxford, UK, 2nd ed., pp. 1-19.
  88. Nengomasha E.M., Pearson R.A., World G.A. (2000). Empowering people through donkey power into the next millennium. In: Empowering farmers with animal traction, Kaumbutho P.G., Pearson R.A., Simalenga T.E. (eds.). Proc. Workshop of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa. Mpumalanga, South Africa, 20-24.09.1999, 344 pp.
  89. Nikkhah A. (2012). Equidae milk promises substitutes for cow and human breast milk. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 36: 470-475.
  90. Nwosu C.C., Ogbu C.C. (2011) Climate change and livestock production in Nigeria: issues and concerns. J. Trop. Agric. Food Environ. Ext., 10: 41-60.
  91. Olaifa F., Ayo J.O., Ambali S.F., Rekwot P.I., Minka N.S. (2012). Rectal temperature re­sponses of donkeys subjected to load-carrying (packing) during the harmattan season in Nigeria. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. Doi:10.1007/S11250-012-0242-x.10.1007/s11250-012-0242-x22869338
  92. Ostrowski S., Williams J.B., Mesochina P., Sauerwein H. (2006). Physiological accli­mation of a desert antelope, Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) to long-term food and water restriction. J. Comp. Physiol. B, 176: 191-201.
  93. Pal Y., Kumar S., Gupta A.K. (2002). Blood gases, acid-base and physiological indices in donkeys as pack animals. Draught Animal News, 37: 27-33.
  94. Pandey N., Kataria N., Kataria A.K., Joshi A. (2012). Ambient stress associated varia­tions in metabolic responses of Marwari Goat of arid tracts in India. J. Stress Physiol. Biochem., 8: 120-127.
  95. Popescu S. (2013). The relationship between behavioural and other welfare indicators of working horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci., 33: 1-12.
  96. Pritchard J.C., Lindberg A.C., Main D.C.J., Whay H.R. (2005). Assessment of the welfare of working horses, mules and donkeys using health and behaviour parameters. Prev. Vet. Med., 69: 265-283.
  97. Ransom J.I., Cade B.S. (2009). Quantifying equid behaviour - a research ethogram for free-roam­ing feral horses. Publications of the United States Geological Society, 21 pp.
  98. Regan F.H. (2009). Behavioural responses to the provision of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (meloxicam). In: Behavioural indicators of pain in working donkeys. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Bristol, Bristol (Chapter 4), unpublished.
  99. Rivera E., Benjamin S., Nielsen B., Shelle J., Zanella A.J. (2002). Behavioural and physiological responses of horses to initial training: the comparison between pastured versus stalled horses. Equine Behav., 78: 235-252.
  100. Rossel S., Marshall F., Peters J., Pilgram T, Adams M., O’Connor D. (2008). Do­mestication of the donkey: Timing, processes, and indicators. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105: 3715-3720.
  101. Salimei E., Fantuz F. (2012). Equid milk for human consumption. Int. Dairy J., 24: 130-142.
  102. Sawka M.N., Wenger C.B., Pandolf K.B. (2011). Thermoregulatory responses to acute exer­cise-heat stress and heat acclimation. Compr. Physiol., pp. 157-185.
  103. Scaglia G., Boland H.T. (2014). The effect of Bermuda grass hybrid on forage characteristics, animal performance and grazing behavior of beef steers. J. Anim. Sci., 92: 1228-1238.
  104. Shi J., Dunbar R.I.M., Buckland D., Miller D. (2003). Daytime activity budgets of feral goats (Capra hircus) on the isle of Rum: Influence of season, age and sex. Can. J. Zool., 5: 803-815.
  105. Silanikove N. (2000). Effects of heat stress on the welfare of extensively managed domestic rumi­nants. Livest. Prod. Sci., 67: 1-18.
  106. Singer D. (2007). Why 37 degrees C? Evolutionary fundamentals of thermoregulation. Anaesthesia, 56: 899-906.
  107. Singh M.K., Gupta A.K., Yadav M.P. (2005). The donkey: its role and the scope for better man­agement. Livest. Int., 9: 18-20.
  108. Smith D.G., Pearson R.A. (2005). A review of factors affecting the survival of donkeys in semi­arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 37: 1-19.
  109. Smith D.G., Wood S.J. (2008). Donkey nutrition. In: The Professional Handbook of the Donkey, Svendsen J.D., Hadrill D. (eds.). Whittet Books, 4th ed., pp. 28-36.
  110. Souris A.C., Kaczensky P., Julliard R., Walzer C. (2007). Time budget-, behavioral syn­chrony- and body score development of a newly released Przewalski’s horse group Equus ferns przewalski, in the Great Gobi B strictly protected area in SW Mongolia. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 107: 307-321.
  111. Starkey P., Starkey M. (2004). Regional and world trends in donkey populations. In: Donkeys, people and development. A resource book of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA), Starkey P., Fielding D. (eds). ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Wageningen, The Netherlands, http://www.atnesa.org/donkeys-starkey-populations <http://www.atnesa.org/donkeys-starkey-populations>, retrieved 2010-08-19.
  112. Tadich T.A., Pulido R.G. (2010). Preliminary behavioural study of Caballo Fino Chilote stallions with restricted access to space and water during summer. Arch. Med. Vet., 42: 195-201.
  113. Taylor F. (1997). Nutrition. In: The Professional Handbook of the Donkey, Elisabeth Svendsen (ed.). Whittet Books, London, United Kingdom, 3rd ed., pp. 93-105.
  114. Tsigos C., Chrousos G.P. (2002). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. J. Psychosomatic. Res., 53: 865-871.
  115. Van Reenen C.G., Vander Werf J.T.N., O ’ Conne11 N.E., Heutinck L.F.M., Spool- der H.A.M., Jones R.B., Koolhaus J.M., Blokhuis H.J. (2013). Behavioural and physi­ological responses of heifer calves to acute stressors: Long-term consistency and relationship with adult reactivity to milking. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 147: 55-68.
  116. Waring G.H. (2003). Horse Behaviour. Noyes and William Andrew Publishing. New York, 442 pp.
  117. Wood S.J., Smith D.G., Morris C.J. (2005). Seasonal variation of digestible energy requirements of mature donkeys in the United Kingdom, Pferdeheilkunde, 21: 39-40.10.21836/PEM20050714
  118. Xia C.J., Yang W.K., Blank D., Xu W.X., Qiao J.F., Liu W. (2011). Diurnal time budget of goitred gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa Guldenstaedt, 1780) in Xinjiang, China. Mammalia, 75: 235-242.
  119. Xia C., Liu W., Xu W., Yang W., Xu F., Blank D. (2013). Diurnal time budgets and activity rhythm of the Asiatic wild ass Equus hemionus in Xinjiang, Western China. Pakistan J. Zool., 45: 1241-1248.
  120. Yam ad a M., Urabe M. (2007). Relationship between grooming and tick threat in sika deer Cer- vus nippon in habitats with different feeding conditions and tick densities. Mammal. Study, 32: 105-114.
  121. Youseph S., Smith D.G., Mengistu A., Teklu F. Firew T., Betere Y. (2005). Seasonal variations in the parasite burden and body condition of working donkeys in East Shewa and west Shewa regions of Ethiopia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 37: 35-45.
  122. Zumbach B., Misztal I., Tsuruta S., Sanchez J.P., Azain M., Herring W., Culbert­son M. (2008). Genetic components of heat stress in finishing pigs: development of a heat load function. J. Anim. Sci., 86: 2082-2088.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0013 | Journal eISSN: 2300-8733 | Journal ISSN: 1642-3402
Language: English
Page range: 307 - 321
Submitted on: Aug 19, 2014
|
Accepted on: Dec 30, 2014
|
Published on: Apr 23, 2015
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: Volume open

© 2015 Friday Ocheja Zakari, Joseph Olusegun Ayo, Mohammed Umar Kawu, Ibrahim Rekwot, published by National Research Institute of Animal Production
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.