References
- 1. Barkley LD. Acne, its Etiology, Pathology and Treatment. New York, NY: GP Putnam’s Sons. 1885.
- 2. Koo J. The psychosocial impact of acne: patients’ perceptions. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;32:S26-S30.10.1016/0190-9622(95)90417-4
- 3. Tan J, Vasey K, Fung K. Beliefs and perceptions of patients with acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:439-445.10.1067/mjd.2001.111340
- 4. Koldovsky O. Hormones in milk. Vitam Horm. 1995;50:77-149.10.1016/S0083-6729(08)60655-X
- 5. Chen W, Thiboutot D, Zouboulis CC. Cutaneous androgen metabolism: basic research and clinical perspectives. J Invest Dermatol. 2002;119:992-1007.10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.00613.x
- 6. Rosenfield R. Ovarian and adrenal function in polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1999;28:265-293.10.1016/S0889-8529(05)70070-0
- 7. Rosenfield R. Polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistant hyperinsulinemia. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45:S95-S104.10.1067/mjd.2001.11743011511859
- 8. Davidovici BB, Wolf R. The role of diet in acne: facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol. 2010;28:12–16.10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.03.01020082944
- 9. Hoyt G, Hickey MS, Cordain L. Dissociation of the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to whole and skimmed milk. Br J Nutr. 2005;93(2):175-177.10.1079/BJN20041304
- 10. Hoppe C, Molgaard C, Michaelsen KF. Cow’s milk and linear growth in industrialized and developing countries. Annu Rev Nutr. 2006;26:131-173.10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.010506.10375716848703
- 11. Melnik BC. Evidence for acne-promoting effects of milk and other insulinotrophic dairy products. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2011;67:131-145.10.1159/00032558021335995
- 12. Burris J, Rietkerk, Woolf K. Acne: The Role of Medical Nutrition Therapy. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113:416-430.10.1016/j.jand.2012.11.01623438493
- 13. Melnik BC. Dietary intervention in acne: Attenuation of increased mTORC1 signaling promoted by Western diet. Dermatoendocrinol. 2012;1:20-32.10.4161/derm.19828340898922870349
- 14. Melnik BC, Schmitz G. Role of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, hyperglycemic food and milk consumption in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Exp Dermatol. 2009;18:833-841.10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00924.x19709092
- 15. Smith TM, Gilliland K, Clawson GA, Thiboutot D. IGF-1 induces SREBP-1 expression and lipogenesis in SEB-1 sebocytes via activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:1286-1293.10.1038/sj.jid.5701155290286617989724
- 16. Crave JC, Lejeune H, Brebant C, Baret C, Pugeat M. Differential effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 on the production of plasma steroid-binding globulins by human hepatoblastoma-derived (Hep G2) cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;8:1283-1289.
- 17. Ben-Amitiai D, Laron Z. Effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 deficiency or administration on the occurrence of acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol. 2011;25:950-954.10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03896.x21054577
- 18. Liu B, Lee HY, Weinzimer SA et al. Direct functional interaction between insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 and retinoid X receptor-alpha regulate transcriptional signaling and apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:33607-33613.10.1074/jbc.M00254720010874028
- 19. Vora S, Ovhal A, Jerajani H, Nair N, Chakrabortty A. Correlation of facial sebum to serum insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with acne. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:990-991.10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08764.x18652583
- 20. Pappas A, Anthonavage M, Gordon J. Metabolic fate and selective utilization of major fatty acids in human sebaceous gland. J Invest Dermatol. 2002;118:164–171.10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01612.x11851890
- 21. Wolf R, Matz H, Orion E. Acne and Diet. Clin Dermatol. 2004;22:387–393.10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.03.00715556724
- 22. Lewis RA, Austen KF, Soberman RJ. Leukotrienes and other products of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Biochemistry and relation to pathobiology in human diseases. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:645-655.10.1056/NEJM1990090632310062166915
- 23. Zouboulis CHC, Saborowski A, Boschnakow A. Zileuton, an oral 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, directly reduces sebum production. Dermatology. 2005;210:36-38.10.1159/00008148115604543
- 24. Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ, Westphal SA, Seaquist ER. The effect of fat and carbohydrate on plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide and triglycerides in normal male subjects. J Am Coll Nutr. 1993;12:36-41.10.1080/07315724.1993.107182808440816
- 25. Bhathena SJ, Berlin E, Judd JT et al. Effects of omega 3 fatty acids and vitamin E on hormones involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in men. Dermatology. 1991;54:684-688.
- 26. Li Y, Seifert MF, Ney DM et al. Dietary conjugated linolenic acids alter serum IGF-1 and IGF binding protein concentrations and reduce bone formation in rats fed (n-6) or (n-3) fatty acids. J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14:1153-1162.10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.7.115310404015
- 27. Szumilas M. Explaining Odds Ratios. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;19: 227–229.
- 28. Ghodsi SZ, Orawa H, Zouboulis CC. Prevalence, severity, and severity risk factors of acne in high school pupils: a community-based study. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129:2136-2141.10.1038/jid.2009.4719282841
- 29. Shen Y, Wang T, Zhou C, et al. Prevalence of acne vulgaris in Chinese adolescents and adults: a community-based study of 17,345 subjects in six cities. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012;92:40-44.10.2340/00015555-116421710106
- 30. Purvis D, Robinson E, Watson P. Acne prevalence in secondary students and their perceived difficulty in accessing acne treatment. N Z Med J. 2004;117:1-8.
- 31. Di Landro A, Cazzaniga S, Parazzini F, et al. Family history, body mass index, selected dietary factors, menstrual history, and risk of moderate to severe acne in adolescents and young adults. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:1129-1135.10.1016/j.jaad.2012.02.01822386050
- 32. Wolkenstein P, Misery L, Amici JM et al. PSS4 Acne and Lifestyle: Results of a Survey on a Representative Sample of the French Population. Value in Health. 2012;15:A568.10.1016/j.jval.2012.08.2051
- 33. Capitanio B, Sinagra JL, Ottaviani M et al. Acne and smoking. Dermatoendocrinol. 2009;1:129–135.10.4161/derm.1.3.9638283590520436880
- 34. Capitanio B, Sinagra JL, Bordignon V et al. Underestimated clinical features of postadolescent acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63:782–788.10.1016/j.jaad.2009.11.02120619486
- 35. Klaz I, Kochba I, Shohat T, Zarka S, Brenner S. Severe Acne Vulgaris and Tobacco Smoking in Young Men. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2006;126:1749–1752.10.1038/sj.jid.570032616645586
- 36. Cordain L, Lindeberg S, Hurtado M et al. Acne vulgaris: a disease of Western civilization. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:1584-1590.10.1001/archderm.138.12.158412472346
- 37. Abedamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Berkey CS et al. Milk consumption and acne in adolescent girls. Dermatol Online J. 2006;12:1.
- 38. Abedamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Berkey CS et al. Milk consumption and acne in teenaged boys. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:787-793.10.1016/j.jaad.2007.08.049439169918194824
- 39. Anderson PC. Foods as the cause of acne. Am Fam Physician. 1971;3:102-103.
- 40. Law M, Chuh A, Molinari N, Lee A. An investigation of the association between diet and occurrence of acne: A rational approach from a traditional Chinese medicine perspective. Clin Exper Dermatol. 2009;35:31-35.10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03360.x19549242
- 41. Katta R, Desai SP. Diet and Dermatology. The Role of Dietary Intervention in Skin Disease. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014;7:46-51.
- 42. Grant JD, Anderson PC. Chocolate as a cause of acne: A dissenting view. Missouri Med. 1965;62:459-460.
- 43. Fulton J, Plewig G, Kligman A. Effect of chocolate on acne vulgaris. JAMA. 1969;210:2071-2074.10.1001/jama.1969.03160370055011
- 44. Smith RN, Mann NJ, Braue A et al. A low-glycemic-load diet improves symptoms in acne vulgaris patients: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:107–115.10.1093/ajcn/86.1.10717616769
- 45. Smith RN, Braue A, Varigos GA et al. The effect of a low glycemic load diet on acne vulgaris and the fatty acid composition of skin surface triglycerides. J Dermatol Sci. 2008;50:41–52.10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.11.00518178063
- 46. Halvorsen JA, Dalgard F, Thoresen M, Bjertness E, Lien L. Is the association between acne and mental distress influenced by diet? Results from a cross-sectional population study among 3775 late adolescents in Oslo, Norway. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:340.10.1186/1471-2458-9-340275178019758425
- 47. Wei B, Pang Y, Zhu H et al. The epidemiology of adolescent acne in North East China. J Eur Acad Dermatol. 2010;24:953-957.10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03590.x20337811
- 48. Rietkerk JW, Woolf K. Relationships of Self-Reported Dietary Factors and Perceived Acne Severity in a Cohort of New York Young Adults. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014;114:384-392.10.1016/j.jand.2013.11.01024412232