References
- 1. Kempf B, Bremer E. Uptake and synthesis of compatible solutes as microbial stress responses to high-osmolality environments. Arch Microbiol 1998;170:319-30. PMID: 9818351
- 2. Arakawa T, Timasheff SN. The stabilization of proteins by osmolytes, Biophys J 1985;47:411-4. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(85)83932-1
- 3. Moelbert S, Normand B, de Los Rios P. Kosmotropes and chaotropes: modelling preferential exclusion, binding and aggregate stability. Biophys Chem 2004;112:45-57. doi: 10.1016/j.bpc.2004.06.012
- 4. Yu I, Jindo Y, Nagaoka M. Microscopic understanding of preferential exclusion of compatible solute ectoine: direct interaction and hydration alteration. J Phys Chem 2007;111:10231-8. doi: 10.1021/jp068367z
- 5. Galinski EA, Pfeiffer H-P, Trupper HG. 1,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid. A novel cyclic amino acid from halophilic phototrophic bacteria of the genus Ectothiorhodospira. Eur J Biochem 1985;149:135-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08903.x
- 6. Smiatek J, Harishchandra RK, Rubner O, Galla H-J, Heuer A. Properties of compatible solutes in aqueous solution. Biophys Chem 2012;160:62-8. doi: 10.1016/j. bpc.2011.09.007
- 7. Widderich N, Czech L, Elling FJ, Könneke M, Stöveken N, Pittelkow M, Riclea R, Dickschat JS, Heider J, Bremer E, Strangers in the archaeal world: osmostress-responsive biosynthesis of ectoine and hydroxyectoine by the marine thaumarchaeon Nitrosopumilus maritimus. Environ Microbiol. 2016; 18:1227-48. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.13156
- 8. Reshetnikov AS, Khmelenina VN, Mustakhimov II, Trotsenko YA. Genes and enzymes of ectoine biosynthesis in halotolerant methanotrophs. Methods Enzymol. 2011; 495:15-30. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-386905-0.00002-4.
- 9. Heinrich U, Garbe B, Tronnier H. In vivo assessment of Ectoin: a randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical trial. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 2007;20:211-8. doi: 10.1159/000103204
- 10. Zaccai G, Bagyan I., Combet J, Cuello GJ, Demé B, Fichou Y, Gallat F-X, Josa V.M.G, von Gronau S, Haertlein M, Martel, A, Moulin M, Neumann M, Weik M, Oesterheltb D. Neutrons describe ectoine effects on water H-bonding and hydration around a soluble protein and a cell membrane. Sci Rep 2016;6:31343.
- 11. Eiberweiser A, Nazet A, Kruchinin SE, Fedotova M.V, Buchner R. Hydration and ion binding of the osmolyte ectoine. J Phys Chem B 2015;119:15203-11.
- 12. Graf R, Anzali S, Buenger J, Pfluecker F, Driller H. The multifunctional role of ectoine as a natural cell protectant. Clin Dermatol 2008;26:326-33. doi: 10.1016/j. clindermatol.2008.01.002.
- 13. Yao C-L, Lin Y-M, Mohamed M.S, J-H Chen Inhibitory effect of ectoine on melanogenesis in B16-F0 and A2058 melanoma cell lines. Biochem Engineer J 2013;78:163-9
- 14. Marini A, Reinelt K, Krutmann J, Bilstein A. Ectoinecontaining cream in the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis: a randomised, comparator-controlled, intraindividual double-blind, multi-center trial. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014;27:57-65. doi: 10.1159/000351381.
- 15. Botta C, Di Giorgio C, Sabatier AS, De Meo M. Genotoxicity of visible light (400-800 nm) and photoprotection assessment of ectoin, L-ergothioneine and mannitol and four sunscreens. J PhotochemPhotobiol 2008;91:24-34. doi: 10.1016/j. jphotobiol.2008.01.008.
- 16. Buenger J, Driller H. Ectoin: An effective natural substance to prevent UVA-induced premature photoaging. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2004;17:232-7. doi: 10.1159/000080216
- 17. Grether-Beck S, Timmer A, Felsner I, Brenden H, Brammertz D, Krutmann J. Ultraviolet A-induced signaling involves a ceramide mediated autocrine loop leading to ceramide de novo synthesis. J Investig Dermatol 2005;125:545-53. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23782.x
- 18. Foord RL, Leatherbarrow RJ. Effect of osmolytes on the exchange rates of backbone amide protons in proteins. Biochemistry 1998;37:2969-78. doi: 10.1021/bi9712798.
- 19. Plaza del Pino IM, Sanchez-Ruiz JM. An osmolyte effect on the heat capacity change for protein folding. Biochemistry 1995;34:8621-30. doi: 10.1021/bi00027a011
- 20. Roychoudhry A, Bieker A, Häussinger D, Oesterhelt F. Membrane protein stability depends on the concentration of compatible solutes - a single molecule force spectroscopic study. Biol Chem 2013;394:1465-74. doi: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0173
- 21. Lippert K, Galinski EA. Enzyme stabilization be ectoine-type compatible solutes: protection against heating, freezing and drying. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1992;37:61-5. doi: 10.1007/BF00174204
- 22. Zhang L, Wang Y, Zhang C, Wang Y, Zhu D, Wang C, Nagata S. Supplementation effect of ectoine on thermostability of phytase. J Biosci Bioeng 2006;102:560-3. doi: 10.1263/ jbb.102.560
- 23. Lapidot A, Ben-Asher E, Eisenstein M. Tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives inhibit binding of a Tat-like, arginine-containing peptide, to HIV TAR RNA in vitro. FEBS Lett 1995;367:33-8. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00514-A
- 24. Tanne C, Golovina EA, Hoekstra FA, Meffert A, Galinski E. Glass-forming property of hydroxyectoine is the cause of its superior function as a desiccation protectant. Front Microbiol 2014;5:150. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00150
- 25. Kolp S, Pietsch M, Galinski EA, Gütschow M. Compatible solutes as protectants for zymogens against proteolysis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006;1764:1234-42. doi: 10.1016/j. bbapap.2006.04.015
- 26. Bersch S, Vangala M, Schwarz T, Kaufmann M. Protection of antibodies against proteolytic degradation by compatible solutes. Poster Abstract, 2000 [displayed 3 November 2016]. Available at http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/feedback/proceedings/04/poster/p26.html
- 27. Cruz PE, Silva AC, Roldão A, Carmo M, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM. Screening of novel excipients for improving the stability of retroviral and adenoviral vectors. Biotechnol Prog 2006;22:568-76. doi: 10.1021/bp050294y
- 28. Harishchandra RK, Wulff S, Lentzen G, Neuhaus T, Galla H-J. The effect of compatible solute ectoines on the structural organization of lipid monolayer and bilayer membranes. Biophys Chem 2010;150:37-46. doi: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.02.007
- 29. Dwivedi M, Brinkkötter M, Harishchandra RK, Galla HJ. Biophysical investigations of the structure and function of the tear fluid lipid layers and the effect of ectoine. Part B: artificial lipid films. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014;1838:2716-27. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.05.007
- 30. Becker J, Schäfer R, Kohlstedt M, Harder BJ, Borchert NS, Stöveken N, Bremer E, Wittmann C. Systems metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for production of the chemical chaperone ectoine. Microb Cell Fact 2013;12:110. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-110
- 31. Buommino E, Schiraldi C, Baroni A, Paoletti I, Lamberti M, De Rosa M, Tufano MA. Ectoine from halophilic microorganisms induces the expression of hsp70 and hsp70B′ in human keratinocytes modulating the proinflammatory response. Cell Stress Chaperon 2005;10:197-203. doi: 10.1379/CSC-101R.1
- 32. Bownik A, Stępniewska Z. Protective effects of bacterial osmoprotectant ectoine on bovine erythrocytes subjected to staphylococcal alpha-haemolysin. Toxicon 2015;99:130-5. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.03.022
- 33. Abdel-Aziz H, Wadie W, Abdallah DM, Lentzen G, Khayyal MT. Novel effects of ectoine, a bacteria-derived natural tetrahydropyrimidine, in experimental colitis. Phytomedicine 2013;20:585-91. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.01.009
- 34. Sydlik U, Gallitz I, Albrecht C, Abel J, Krutmann J, Unfried K. The compatible solute ectoine protects against nanoparticle-induced neutrophilic. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;180:29-35.
- 35. Kroker M, Sydlik U, Autengruber A, Cavelius C, Weighardt H, Kraegeloh A, Unfried K. Preventing carbon nanoparticleinduced lung inflammation reduces antigen-specific sensitization and subsequent allergic reactions in a mouse model. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015;12:20. doi: 10.1186/s12989-015-0093-5
- 36. Peuschel H, Sydlik U, Grether-Beck S, Felsner I, Stöckmann D, Jakob S, Kroker M, Haendeler J, Gotić M, Bieschke C, Krutmann J, Unfried K. Carbon nanoparticles induce ceramide- and lipid raft-dependent signalling in lung epithelial cells: a target for a preventive strategy against environmentally-induced lung inflammation. Part Fibre Toxicol 2012;9:48. doi: 10.1186/1743-8977-9-48
- 37. Harishchandra RK, Sachan AK, Kerth A, Lentzen G, Neuhaus T, Galla HJ. Compatible solutes: Ectoine and hydroxyectoine improve functional nanostructures in artificial lung surfactants. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011;1808:2830-40. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.08.022
- 38. Wei L, Wedeking A, Buttner R, Kalff JC, Tolba RH, van Echten-Deckert G. A natural tetrahydropyrimidine protects small bowel from cold ischemia and subsequent warm in vitro reperfusion injury. Pathobiology 2009;76:212-20. doi: 10.1159/000218338
- 39. Pech T, Ohsawa I, Praktiknjo M, Overhaus M, Wehner S, von Websky M, Abu-Elmagd K, van Echten-Deckert G, Kalff JC, Schaefer N. A natural tetrahydropyrimidine, ectoine, ameliorates ischemia reperfusion injury after intestinal transplantation in rats. Pathobiology 2013;80:102-10. doi: 10.1159/000342792
- 40. Werkhäuser N, Bilstein A, Sonnemann U. Treatment of allergic rhinitis with ectoine containing nasal spray and eye drops in comparison with azelastine containing nasal spray and eye drops or with cromoglycic acid containing nasal spray. J Allergy (Cairo) 2014, Article ID 176597. doi: 10.1155/2014/176597
- 41. Sonnemann U, Scherner O, Werkhäuser N. Treatment of rhinitis sicca anterior with ectoine containing nasal spray. J Allergy (Cairo) 2014, Article ID 273219. doi: 10.1155/2014/273219
- 42. Eichel A, Bilstein A, Werkhäuser N, Mösges R. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of ectoine nasal spray in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. J Allergy (Cairo) 2014. Article ID 292545. doi: 10.1155/2014/292545
- 43. Sonnemann U, Möller M, Bilstein A. Non interventional open-label trial investigating the efficacy and safety of ectoine containing nasal spray in comparison with beclomethasone nasal spray in patients with allergic rhinitis. J Allergy (Cairo)2014,Article ID 297203. doi: 10.1155/2014/297203
- 44. Müller D, Lidermann T, Shah-Hosseini K, Scherner O, Knop M, Bilstein A, Mösges R. Efficacy and tolerability of an ectoine mouth and throat spray compared with those of saline lozenges in the treatment of acute pharyngitis and/or laryngitis: a prospective, controlled, observational clinical trial. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016;273:2591-7. doi: 10.1007/s00405-016-4060-z
- 45. Bissoyi A, Pramanik K. Effects of non-toxic cryoprotective agents on the viability of cord blood derived MNCs. Cryo Lett 2014;34:453-65. PMID: 24448765
- 46. Sun H, Glasmacher B, Hofmann N. Compatible solutes improve cryopreservation of human endothelial cells. Cryo Lett 2012;33:485-93. PMID: 23250408
- 47. Kadaba Srinivasan P, Fet N, Bleilevens C, Afify M, Doorschodt B, Yagi S, van Echten-Deckert G, Tolba RH Hydroxyectoine ameliorates preservation injury in deceased after cardiac death donors in experimental liver grafts. Ann Transplant 2014;19:165-73.
- 48. El Assal R, Guven S, Gurkan UA, Gozen I, Shafiee H, Dalbeyler S, Abdalla N, Thomas G, Fuld W, Illigens BM, Estanislau J, Khoory J, Kaufman R, Zylberberg C, Lindeman N, Wen Q, Ghiran I, Demirci U. Bio-inspired cryo-ink preserves red blood cell phenotype and function during nanoliter vitrification. Adv Mater 2014;26:5815-22. doi: 10.1002/adma.201400941
- 49. Kanapathipillai M, Lentzen G, Sierks M, Park CB. Ectoine and hydroxyectoine inhibit aggregation and neurotoxicity of Alzheimer’s beta-amyloid. FEBS Lett 2005;579:4775-80. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.07.057
- 50. Arora A, Ha C, Park CB. Inhibition of insulin amyloid formation by small stress molecules. FEBS Lett 2004;564:121-5. doi: 10.1016/S0014-5793(04)00326-6
- 51. Aguzzi A, Polymenidou M. Mammalian prion biology: one century of evolving concepts. Cell 2004;116:313-27. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)01031-6
- 52. Kanapathipillai M, Ku SH, Girigoswami K, Park CB. Small stress molecules inhibit aggregation and neurotoxicity of prion peptide 106-126. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008;365:808-13. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.11.074
- 53. Bownik A, Stępniewska Z, Skowroński T. Protective effects of ectoine on heat-stressed Daphnia magna. J Comp Physiol. B 2014;184 961-76.
- 54. Bownik A, Stępniewska Z. Ectoine alleviates behavioural, physiological and biochemical changes in Daphnia magna subjected to formaldehyde. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015;20:15549-62. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-4747-5
- 55. Bownik A, Stępniewska Z, Skowroński T. Effects of ectoine on behavioural, physiological and biochemical parameters of Daphnia magna. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol2015;168:2-10.doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.11.001
- 56. Bownik A, Stepniewska Z, Skowroński T. Protective effects of ectoine on behavioral, physiological and biochemical parameters of Daphnia magna subjected to hydrogen peroxide. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015;170:38-49. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.02.002