A brief review on the mode of action of antinematodal drugs
References
- 1. Holden-Dye L, & Walker RJ: Avermectin and avermectin derivatives are antagonists at the 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor on the somatic muscle cells of Ascaris; is this the site of anthelmintic action? Parasitology 1990, 101 Pt 2: 265-271.
- 2. Hotez PJ, Brindley PJ, Bethony JM, King CH, Pearce EJ, Jacobson J: Helminth infections: the great neglected tropical diseases. J Clin Invest 2008, 118(4):1311-1321.
- 3. Martin RJ, Robertson AP, Bjorn H: Target sites of anthelmintics. Parasitology 1997, 114 Suppl: S111-124.
- 4. Pink R, Hudson A, Mouries MA, Bendig M: Opportunities and challenges in antiparasitic drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005, 4: 727-740.
- 5. DiMasi JA, Hansen RW, Grabowski HG: The price of innovation: new estimates of drug development costs. J Health Econ 2003, 22: 151-185.
- 6. Evans T, Chapple N: The animal health market. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2002, 1: 937-938.
- 7. Martin RJ, Robertson AP: Control of nematode parasites with agents acting on neuromusculature systems: lessons for neuropeptide ligand discovery. Adv Exp Med Biol 2010, 692: 138-154.
- 8. Morgan S, Grootendorst P, Lexchin J, Cunningham C, Greyson D: The cost of drug development: a systematic review. Health Policy 2011, 100: 4-17.
- 9. Crump A, Omura S: Ivermectin, ‘wonder drug’ from Japan: the human use perspective. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2011, 87: 13-28.
- 10. Geary TG: Ivermectin 20 years on: maturation of a wonder drug. Trends Parasitol 2005, 21: 530-532.
- 11. Omura S: Ivermectin: 25 years and still going strong. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008, 31: 91-98.
- 12. McKellar QA, Scott EW: The benzimidazole anthelmintic agents--a review. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1990, 13: 223-247.
- 13. Prichard RK: Mode of action of the anthelminthic thiabendazole in Haemonchus contortus. Nature 1970, 228: 684-685.
- 14. Tejada P, Sanchez-Moreno M, Monteoliva M, Gomez-Banqueri H: Inhibition of malate dehydrogenase enzymes by benzimidazole anthelmintics. Vet Parasitol 1987, 24: 269-274.
- 15. Lacey E: Mode of action of benzimidazoles. Parasitol Today 1990, 6: 112-115.
- 16. Aceves J, Erlij D, Martinez-Maranon R: The mechanism of the paralysing action of tetramisole on Ascaris somatic muscle. Br J Pharmacol 1970, 38: 602-607.
- 17. Raeymaekers AH, Allewijn FT, Vandenberk J, Demoen PJ, Van Offenwert TT, Janssen PA: Novel broad-spectrum anthelmintics. Tetramisole and related derivatives of 6-arylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole. J Med Chem 1966, 9: 545-551.
- 18. Raeymaekers AH, Roevens LF, Janssen PA: The absolute configurations of the optical isomers of the broad spectrum anthelmintic tetramisole. Tetrahedron Lett 1967, 16: 1467-1470.
- 19. Thienpont D, Vanparijs OF, Raeymaekers AH, Vandenberk J, Demoen JA, Allewijn FT, Marsboom RP, Niemegeers CJ, Schellekens KH, Janssen PA: Tetramisole (R 8299), a new, potent broad spectrum anthelmintic. Nature 1966, 209: 1084-1086.
- 20. Thienpont D, Brugmans J, Abadi K, Tanamal S: Tetramisole in the treatment of nematode infections in man. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1969, 18: 520-525.
- 21. Van den Bossche H, Janssen PA: The biochemical mechanism of action of the anthelmintic drug tetramisole. Life Sci 1967, 6: 1781-1792.
- 22. Qian H, Martin RJ, Robertson AP: Pharmacology of N-, L-, and B-subtypes of nematode nAChR resolved at the single-channel level in Ascaris suum. FASEB J 2006, 20: 2606-2608.
- 23. Robertson AP, Bjorn HE, Martin RJ: Resistance to levamisole resolved at the single-channel level. FASEB J 1999, 13: 749-760.
- 24. Robertson SJ, Martin RJ: Levamisole-activated single-channel currents from muscle of the nematode parasite Ascaris suum. Br J Pharmacol 1993, 108: 170-178.
- 25. Buxton SK, Charvet CL, Neveu C, Cabaret J, Cortet J, Peineau N, Abongwa M, Courtot E, Robertson AP, Martin RJ: Investigation of acetylcholine receptor diversity in a nematode parasite leads to characterization of tribendimidine- and derquantel-sensitive nAChRs. PLoS Pathog 2014, 10: e1003870.
- 26. Trent C, Tsuing N, Horvitz HR: Egg-laying defective mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 1983, 104: 619-647.
- 27. Aubry ML, Cowell P, Davey MJ, Shevde S. Aspects of the pharmacology of a new anthelmintic: pyrantel. Br J Pharmacol 1970, 38: 332-344.
- 28. Martin RJ: Modes of action of anthelmintic drugs. Vet J 1997, 154: 11-34.
- 29. Austin WC, Courtney W, Danilewicz JC, Morgan DH, Conover LH, Howes HL, Jr., Lynch JE, McFarland JW, Cornwell RL, Theodorides VJ: Pyrantel tartrate, a new anthelmintic effective against infections of domestic animals. Nature 1966, 212: 1273-1274.
- 30. Howes HL, Jr., Lynch JE: Anthelmintic studies with pyrantel. I. Therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy against the enteral stages of various helminths in mice and dogs. J Parasitol 1967, 53: 1085-1091.
- 31. McFarland JW, Howes HL, Jr.: Novel anthelmintic agents. 6. Pyrantel analogs with activity against whipworm. J Med Chem 1972, 15: 365-368.
- 32. Martin RJ, Verma S, Levandoski M, Clark CL, Qian H, Stewart M., Robertson AP: Drug resistance and neurotransmitter receptors of nematodes: recent studies on the mode of action of levamisole. Parasitology 2005, 131 Suppl: S71-84.
- 33. Robertson SJ, Pennington AJ, Evans AM, Martin RJ: The action of pyrantel as an agonist and an open channel blocker at acetylcholine receptors in isolated
Ascaris suum muscle vesicles. Eur J Pharmacol 1994, 271: 273-282. - 34. Martin RJ, Clark CL, Trailovic SM, Robertson AP: Oxantel is an N-type (methyridine and nicotine) agonist not an L-type (levamisole and pyrantel) agonist: classification of cholinergic anthelmintics in
Ascaris . Int J Parasitol 2004, 34: 1083-1090. - 35. Dale VM, Martin RJ: Oxantel-activated single channel currents in the muscle membrane of
Ascaris suum. Parasitology 1995, 110 (Pt 4): 437-448. - 36. Bamgbose SO, Marquis VO, Salako LA: Some pharmacological effects of the nematocide, morantel. Br J Pharmacol 1973, 47: 117-123.
- 37. Cornwell RL, Blore MA: Anthelmintic activity of pyrantel and morantel against adult and larval stages of
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis andNematospiroides dubius . Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1970, 64: 525-531. - 38. Evans AM, Martin RJ: Activation and cooperative multi-ion block of single nicotinic-acetylcholine channel currents of
Ascaris muscle by the tetrahydropyrimidine anthelmintic, morantel. Br J Pharmacol 1996, 118: 1127-1140. - 39. Courtot E, Charvet CL, Beech RN, Harmache A, Wolstenholme AJ, Holden-Dye L, O’Connor V, Peineau N, Woods DJ, Neveu C: Functional characterization of a novel class of morantel-sensitive acetylcholine receptors in nematodes. PLoS Pathog 2015, 11: e1005267.
- 40. Abongwa M, Baber KE, Martin RJ, Robertson AP: The cholinomimetic morantel as an open channel blocker of the
Ascaris suum ACR-16 nAChR. Invert Neurosci 2016, 16: 10. - 41. Burg RW, Miller BM, Baker EE, Birnbaum J, Currie SA, Hartman R, Kong YL, Monaghan RL, Olson G, Putter I, Tunac JB, Wallick H, Stapley EO, Oiwa R, Omura S: Avermectins, new family of potent anthelmintic agents: producing organism and fermentation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1979, 15: 361-367.
- 42. Takiguchi Y, Mishima H, Okuda M, Terao M, Aoki A, Fukuda R: Milbemycins, a new family of macrolide antibiotics: fermentation, isolation and physico-chemical properties. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1980, 33: 1120-1127.
- 43. Takiguchi Y, Ono M, Muramatsu S, Ide J, Mishima H, Terao M: Milbemycins, a new family of macrolide antibiotics. Fermentation, isolation and physico-chemical properties of milbemycins D, E, F, G, and H. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1983, 36: 502-508.
- 44. Davies HG, Green RH: Avermectins and milbemycins. Nat Prod Rep 1986, 3: 87-121.
- 45. McKellar QA, Benchaoui HA: Avermectins and milbemycins. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1996, 19: 331-351.
- 46. Cully DF, Vassilatis DK, Liu KK, Paress PS, Van der Ploeg LH, Schaeffer JM, Arena JP: Cloning of an avermectin-sensitive glutamate-gated chloride channel from Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 1994, 371: 707-711.
- 47. Wolstenholme AJ, Rogers AT: Glutamate-gated chloride channels and the mode of action of the avermectin/milbemycin anthelmintics. Parasitology 2005, 131 Suppl: S85-95.
- 48. Abongwa M, Buxton SK, Robertson AP, Martin RJ: Curiouser and curiouser: the macrocyclic lactone, abamectin, is also a potent inhibitor of pyrantel/tribendimidine nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of gastro-intestinal worms. PLoS One 2016, 11: e0146854.
- 49. Holden-Dye L, Walker RJ: Avermectin and avermectin derivatives are antagonists at the 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor on the somatic muscle cells of Ascaris; is this the site of anthelmintic action? Parasitology. 1990, Oct;101 Pt 2:265-271.
- 50. Puttachary S, Trailovic SM, Robertson AP, Thompson DP, Woods DJ, Martin RJ: Derquantel and abamectin: effects and interactions on isolated tissues of
Ascaris suum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2013, 188: 79-86. - 51. Ottesen EA, Campbell WC: Ivermectin in human medicine. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994, 34: 195-203.
- 52. Shan Q, Haddrill JL, Lynch JW: Ivermectin, an unconventional agonist of the glycine receptor chloride channel. J Biol Chem 2001, 276: 12556-12564.
- 53. Krause RM, Buisson B, Bertrand S, Corringer PJ, Galzi JL, Changeux JP, Bertrand D: Ivermectin: a positive allosteric effector of the alpha7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Mol Pharmacol 1998, 53: 283-294.
- 54. Ducray P, Gauvry N, Pautrat F, Goebel T, Fruechtel J, Desaules Y, Weber SS, Bouvier J, Wagner T, Froelich O, Kaminsky R: Discovery of amino-acetonitrile derivatives, a new class of synthetic anthelmintic compounds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008, 18: 2935-2938.
- 55. Kaminsky R, Ducray P, Jung M, Clover R, Rufener L, Bouvier J, Weber SS, Wenger A, Wieland-Berghausen S, Goebel T, Gauvry N, Pautrat F, Skripsky T, Froelich O, Komoin-Oka C, Westlund B, Sluder A, Mäser P: A new class of anthelmintics effective against drugresistant nematodes. Nature 2008a, 452: 176-180.
- 56. Kaminsky R, Gauvry N, Schorderet Weber S, Skripsky T, Bouvier J, Wenger A, Schroeder F, Desaules Y, Hotz R, Goebel T, Hosking BC, Pautrat F, Wieland-Berghausen S, Ducray P: Identification of the amino-acetonitrile derivative monepantel (AAD 1566) as a new anthelmintic drug development candidate. Parasitol Res 2008b, 103: 931-939.
- 57. Baur R, Beech R, Sigel E, Rufener L: Monepantel irreversibly binds to and opens
Haemonchus contortus MPTL-1 andCaenorhabditis elegans ACR-20 receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2015, 87: 96-102. - 58. Lecova L, Stuchlikova L, Prchal L, Skalova L: Monepantel: the most studied new anthelmintic drug of recent years. Parasitology 2014, 141: 1686-1698.
- 59. Rufener L, Bedoni N, Baur R, Rey S, Glauser DA, Bouvier J, Beech R, Sigel E, Puoti A: acr-23 Encodes a monepantel-sensitive channel in
Caenorhabditis elegans . PLoS Pathog 2013, 9: e1003524. - 60. Rufener L, Maser P, Roditi I, Kaminsky R.
Haemonchus contortus acetylcholine receptors of the DEG-3 subfamily and their role in sensitivity to monepantel. PLoS Pathog 2009, 5: e1000380. - 61. Lee BH, Clothier MF, Dutton FE, Nelson SJ, Johnson SS, Thompson DP, Geary TG, Whaley HD, Haber CL, Marshall VP, Kornis GI, McNally PL, Ciadella JI, Martin DG, Bowman JW, Baker CA, Coscarelli EM, Alexander-Bowman SJ, Davis JP, Zinser EW, Wiley V, Lipton MF, Mauragis MAMarcfortine and paraherquamide class of anthelmintics: discovery of PNU-141962. Curr Top Med Chem 2002, 2: 779-793.
- 62. Little PR, Hodge A, Maeder SJ, Wirtherle NC, Nicholas DR, Cox GG, Conder GA: Efficacy of a combined oral formulation of derquantel-abamectin against the adult and larval stages of nematodes in sheep, including anthelmintic-resistant strains. Vet Parasitol 2011, 181: 180-193.
- 63. Rufener L, Baur R, Kaminsky R, Maser P, Sigel E: Monepantel allosterically activates DEG-3/DES-2 channels of the gastrointestinal nematode
Haemonchus contortus . Mol Pharmacol 2010, 78: 895-902. - 64. Robertson AP, Clark CL, Burns TA, Thompson DP, Geary TG, Trailovic SM, Martin RJ: Paraherquamide and 2-deoxy-paraherquamide distinguish cholinergic receptor subtypes in
Ascaris muscle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002, 302: 853-860. - 65. Geurden T, Hodge A, Noe L, Winstanley D, Bartley DJ, Taylor M, Morgan C, Fraser SJ, Maeder S, Bartram D: The efficacy of a combined oral formulation of derquantel-abamectin against anthelmintic resistant gastro-intestinal nematodes of sheep in the UK. Vet Parasitol 2012, 189: 308-316.
- 66. Anderson N, Martin PJ, Jarrett RG: Mixtures of anthelmintics: a strategy against resistance. Aust Vet J 1988, 65: 62-64.
- 67. Bartram DJ, Leathwick DM, Taylor MA, Geurden T, Maeder SJ: The role of combination anthelmintic formulations in the sustainable control of sheep nematodes. Vet Parasitol 2012, 186: 151-158.
- 68. Sasaki T, Takagi M, Yaguchi T, Miyadoh S, Okada T, Koyama M: A new anthelmintic cyclodepsipeptide, PF1022A. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1992, 45: 692-697.
- 69. Harder A, Schmitt-Wrede HP, Krucken J, Marinovski P, Wunderlich F, Willson J, Amliwala K, Holden-Dye L, Walker R: Cyclooctadepsipeptides--an anthelmintically active class of compounds exhibiting a novel mode of action. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2003, 22: 318-331.
- 70. Harder A, Holden-Dye L, Walker R, Wunderlich F: Mechanisms of action of emodepside. Parasitol Res 2005, 97 Suppl 1: S1-10.
- 71. Harder A, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G: Activity of the cyclic depsipeptide emodepside (BAY 44-4400) against larval and adult stages of nematodes in rodents and the influence on worm survival. Parasitol Res 2001, 87: 924-928.
- 72. Kulke D, Krucken J, Demeler J, Harder A, Mehlhorn H, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G:
In vitro efficacy of cyclooctadepsipepdtides and aminophenylamidines alone and in combination against third-stage larvae and adult worms ofNippostrongylus brasiliensis and first-stage larvae ofTrichinella spiralis . Parasitol Res 2013, 112: 335-345. - 73. Kulke D, Krucken J, Harder A, Krebber R, Fraatz K, Mehlhorn H, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G:
In vivo efficacy of PF1022A and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists alone and in combination againstNippostrongylus brasiliensis . Parasitology 2013, 140: 1252-1265. - 74. Kulke D, Krucken J, Harder A, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G: Efficacy of cyclooctadepsipeptides and aminophenylamidines against larval, immature and mature adult stages of a parasitologically characterized trichurosis model in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014, 8: e2698.
- 75. Zahner H, Taubert A, Harder A, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Effects of Bay 44-4400, a new cyclodepsipeptide, on developing stages of filariae (
Acanthocheilonema viteae, Brugia malayi, Litomosoides sigmodontis ) in the rodentMastomys coucha . Acta Trop 2001, 80: 19-28. - 76. Zahner H, Taubert A, Harder A, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G: Filaricidal efficacy of anthelmintically active cyclodepsipeptides. Int J Parasitol 2001b, 31: 1515-1522.
- 77. von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Harder A, Sangster NC, Coles GC: Efficacy of two cyclooctadepsipeptides, PF1022A and emodepside, against anthelmintic-resistant nematodes in sheep and cattle. Parasitology 2005, 130: 343-347.
- 78. Holden-Dye L, O’Connor V, Hopper NA, Walker RJ, Harder A, Bull K, Guest M: SLO, SLO, quick, quick, slow: calcium-activated potassium channels as regulators of
Caenorhabditis elegans behaviour and targets for anthelmintics. Invert Neurosci 2007, 7: 199-208. - 79. Krucken J, Harder A, Jeschke P, Holden-Dye L, O’Connor V, Welz C, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G: Anthelmintic cyclcooctadepsipeptides: complex in structure and mode of action. Trends Parasitol 2012, 28: 385-394.
- 80. Martin RJ, Buxton SK, Neveu C, Charvet CL, Robertson AP: Emodepside and SL0-1 potassium channels: a review. Exp Parasitol 2012 132: 40-46.
- 81. Guest M, Bull K, Walker RJ, Amliwala K, O’Connor V, Harder A, Holden-Dye L, Hopper NA: The calcium-activated potassium channel, SLO-1, is required for the action of the novel cyclo-octadepsipeptide anthelmintic, emodepside, in
Caenorhabditis elegans . Int J Parasitol 2007, 37: 1577-1588. - 82. Willson J, Amliwala K, Davis A, Cook A, Cuttle MF, Kriek N, Hopper NA, O’Connor V, Harder A, Walker RJ, Holden-Dye L: Latrotoxin receptor signaling engages the UNC-13-dependent vesicle-priming pathway in
C. elegans . Curr Biol 2004, 14: 1374-1379. - 83. Crisford A, Ebbinghaus-Kintscher U, Schoenhense E, Harder A, Raming K, O’Kelly I, Ndukwe K, O’Connor V, Walker RJ, Holden-Dye L: The cyclooctadepsipeptide anthelmintic emodepside differentially modulates nematode, insect and human calciumactivated potassium (SLO) channel alpha subunits. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015, 9: e0004062.
- 84. Kulke D, Krucken J, Welz C, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Harder A:
In vivo efficacy of the anthelmintic tribendimidine against the cestode Hymenolepis microstoma in a controlled laboratory trial. Acta Trop 2012, 123: 78-84. - 85. Ren HN, Cheng BZ, Zhuang ZN: Experimental therapeutic efficacy of a new antihookworm drug, tribendimidin. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 1987, 5: 262-264.
- 86. Xiao SH, Hui-Ming W, Tanner M, Utzinger J, Chong W. Tribendimidine: a promising, safe and broad-spectrum anthelmintic agent from China. Acta Trop 2005, 94: 1-14.
- 87. Bergquist R: Tribendimidine: great expectations. Lancet Infect Dis 2016, 16: 1089-1091.
- 88. Keiser J, Shu-Hua X, Chollet J, Tanner M, Utzinger J: Evaluation of the in vivo activity of tribendimidine against
Schistosoma mansoni, Fasciola hepatica, Clonorchis sinensis, andOpisthorchis viverrini . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51: 1096-1098. - 89. Steinmann P, Zhou XN, Du ZW, Jiang JY, Xiao SH, Wu ZX, Zhou H, Utzinger J: Tribendimidine and albendazole for treating soil-transmitted helminths, Strongyloides stercoralis and
Taenia spp.: open-label randomized trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008, 2: e322. - 90. Wu ZX, Fang YY, Liu YS: Effect of a novel drug-enteric coated tribendimidine in the treatment of intestinal nematode infections. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2006, 24: 23-26.
- 91. Xiao SH, Xue J, Xu LL, Zheng Q, Qiang HQ, Zhang YN: The in vitro and in vivo effect of tribendimidine and its metabolites against
Clonorchis sinensis . Parasitol Res 2009, 105: 1497-1507. - 92. Xu LL, Jiang B, Duan JH, Zhuang SF, Liu YC, Zhu SQ, ZhangLP, Zhang HB, Xiao SH, Zhou XN: Efficacy and safety of praziquantel, tribendimidine and mebendazole in patients with co-infection of
Clonorchis sinensis and other helminths. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014, 8: e3046. - 93. Xiao SH, Utzinger J, Tanner M, Keiser J, Xue J: Advances with the Chinese anthelminthic drug tribendimidine in clinical trials and laboratory investigations. Acta Trop 2013, 126: 115-126.
- 94. Hu Y, Xiao SH, Aroian RV: The new anthelmintic tribendimidine is an L-type (levamisole and pyrantel) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009, 3: e499.
- 95. Robertson AP, Puttachary S, Buxton SK, Martin RJ: Tribendimidine: mode of action and nAChR subtype selectivity in
Ascaris andOesophagostomum . PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015, 9: e0003495. - 96. Coles GC, Jackson F, Pomroy WE, Prichard RK, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Silvestre A, Taylor MA, Vercruysse J: The detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance. Vet Parasitol 2006, 136(3-4):167-185.
- 97. Geerts S, Gryseels B: Drug resistance in human helminths: current situation and lessons from livestock. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000, 13(2):207-222.
- 98. Geerts S1, Gryseels B: Anthelmintic resistance in human helminths: a review. Trop Med Int Health 2001, 6(11):915-921.
- 99. Sangster NC: Anthelmintic resistance: past, present and future. Int J Parasitol 1999, 29(1):115-124.
- 100. Conway DP: Variance in the effectivenes of thiabedazole against
Haemonchus contortus in sheep. Am J Vet Res 1964, 25:844-846. - 101. Kaplan RM: Drug resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance: a status report. Trends Parasitol 2004, 20(10):477-481.
- 102. Kaplan RM, Vidyashankar AN: An inconvenient truth: global worming and anthelmintic resistance. Vet Parasitol 2012, 186(1-2):70-78.
- 103. Waller PJ: Anthelmintic resistance. Vet Parasitol 1997, 72(3-4):391-405.
- 104. Gilleard JS: Understanding anthelmintic resistance: the need for genomics and genetics. Int J Parasitol 2006, 36(12):1227-1239.
- 105. Jabbar A, Iqbal Z, Kerboeuf D, Muhammad G, Khan MN, Afaq M: Anthelmintic resistance: the state of play revisited. Life Sci 2006, 25;79(26):2413-2431.
- 106. James CE, Hudson AL, Davey MW: Drug resistance mechanisms in helminths: is it survival of the fittest? Trends Parasitol 2009, 25(7):328-335.
- 107. Sangster NC, Gill J: Pharmacology of anthelmintic resistance. Parasitol Today 1999, 15(4):141-146.
- 108. Wolstenholme AJ, Fairweather I, Prichard R, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Sangster NC: Drug resistance in veterinary helminths. Trends Parasitol 2004, 20(10):469-476.
- 109. Coles GC: Anthelmintic resistance--looking to the future: a UK perspective. Res Vet Sci. 2005, 78(2):99-108.
- 110. Leathwick DM: Modelling the benefits of a new class of anthelmintic in combination. Vet Parasitol 2012, 186(1-2):93-100.
- 111. Shalaby HA: Anthelmintics resistance; how to overcome it? Iran J Parasitol 2013, 8(1):18-32.
Language: English
Page range: 137 - 152
Submitted on: May 1, 2016
Accepted on: May 24, 2017
Published on: Jun 26, 2017
Published by: Sciendo
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 times per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2017 Melanie Abongwa, Richard J. Martin, Alan P. Robertson, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.