Have a personal or library account? Click to login

Practice implications and recommendations for managing codeine misuse and dependence

Open Access
|Dec 2015

References

  1. 1. H. Arksey and L. O’Malley, Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework, Int. J. Soc. Res. Method. 8 (2005) 19-32.10.1080/1364557032000119616
  2. 2. S. Derry, R. A. Moore and H. McQuay, Single dose oral codeine, as a single agent, for acute postoperative pain in adults, Cochrane Database System Rev. 4 (2010) CD008099; DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD008099.pub2.10.1002/14651858
  3. 3. European Medicines Agency, Assessment Report for Codeine-containing Medicinal Products Indicated in the Management of Pain in Children. Procedure under Article 31 of Directive 2001/83/EC resulting from pharmacovigilance data. Procedure number: EMEA/H/A-31/1342, Assessment 24 June 2013 EMA/441891/2013, London; http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Codeine_containing_medicinal_products/Recommendation_provided_by_Pharmacovigilance_Risk_Assessment_Committee/WC500147065.pdf; last access August 2, 2015.
  4. 4. International Narcotics Control Board, Narcotic Drugs, Estimated World Requirements for 2012, Statistics for 2010, United Nations, New York, 2012; https://www.incb.org/incb/en/narcotic-drugs/Technical_Reports/2011/narcotic-drugs-technical-report_2011.html; last access August 2, 2015.
  5. 5. M. Van Hout, M. Bergin, M. Foley, E. Rich, A. I. Rapca, R. Harris and I. Norman, A Scoping Review of Codeine Use, Misuse and Dependence. Final Report CODEMISUSED Project European Commission 7th Framework Programme, Brussels 2014.
  6. 6. S. A. Francis, N. Barnett and M. Denham, Switching of prescription drugs to over-the-counter status: is it a good thing for the elderly? Drugs Aging 22 (2005) 361-370; DOI: 10.2165/00002512-200522050-00001.10.2165/00002512-200522050-0000115903349
  7. 7. A. Casati, R. Sedefov and T. Pfeiffer-Gerschel, Misuse of medicines in the European Union: A systematic review of the literature, Eur. Addict. Res. 18 (2012) 228-245; DOI: 10.1159/000337028.10.1159/00033702822572594
  8. 8. K. H. Wang, W. Becker and D. A. Fiellin, Prevalence and correlates for nonmedical use of prescription opioids among urban and rural residents, Drug Alc. Depend. 127 (2013) 156-162; DOI: 10.1016/j. drugalcdep.2012.06.027.
  9. 9. M. C. Van Hout, Kitchen chemistry: A scoping review of the diversionary use of pharmaceuticals for non-medicinal use and home production of drug solutions, Drug Test. Anal. 6 (2014) 778-787; DOI: 10.1002/dta.1622.10.1002/dta.162224619569
  10. 10. G. M. Peterson, Selecting nonprescription analgesics, Am. J. Ther. 12 (2005) 67-79.10.1097/00045391-200501000-0001015662294
  11. 11. B. A. Sproule, U. E. Busto, G. Somer, M. K. Romach and E. M. Sellers, Characteristics of dependent and nondependent regular users of codeine, J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 19 (1999) 367-372.10.1097/00004714-199908000-0001410440466
  12. 12. M. Y. Frei, S. Nielsen, M. D. Dobbin and C. L. Tobin, Serious morbidity associated with misuse of over-the-counter codeine-ibuprofen analgesics: a series of 27 cases, Med. J. Aus. 193 (2010) 294-296.
  13. 13. G. Robinson, S. Robinson, P. McCarthy and C. Cameron, Misuse of over-the-counter codeinecontaining analgesics: dependence and other adverse effects, N. Z. Med. J. 123 (2010) 59-64.
  14. 14. S. Nielsen, J. Cameron and S. Pahoki, Over the Counter Codeine Dependence, Turning Point Drug and Alcohol Centre, Victorian Department of Health, Melbourne, 2010; http://atdc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/OTC_CODEINE_REPORT.pdf; last access September 30, 2015.
  15. 15. S. Nielsen, R. Bruno, S. Carruthers, J. Fischer, N. Lintzeris and M. Stoove, Investigation of Pharmaceutical Misuse Amongst Drug Treatment Clients, Turning Point Drug and Alcohol Centre, Victorian Department of Health, Melbourne 2008; https://www.burnet.edu.au/system/publication/file/3364/2008_Investigation_of_pharmaceutical_misuse_amongst_drug_treatment_clients.pdf; last access September 30, 2015.
  16. 16. R. Cooper, ‘I can’t be an addict. I am.’ Over-the-counter medicine abuse: a qualitative study, BMJ Open 3 (2013) e002913; DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002913.10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002913369342123794565
  17. 17. S. E. McCabe, J. A. Cranford, C. J. Boyd and C. J. Teter, Motives, diversion and routes of administration associated with nonmedical use of prescription opioids, Addict. Behav. 32 (2007) 562-575; DOI: 10.1016%2Fj.addbeh.2006.05.022.10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.05.022176637316843611
  18. 18. S. E. McCabe, C. J. Boyd and C. J. Teter, Subtypes of nonmedical prescription drug misuse, Drug Alcohol Depend. 102 (2009) 63-70; DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.007.10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.007297502919278795
  19. 19. G. Reay, An Inquiry into Physical Dependence and Addiction to Prescription and Over-the-counter Medication, The All-party parliamentary drugs misuse group, 2007-2008 Parliamentary session, London 2008; http://www.stop-heroin.co.uk/pdf/Prescription_drugs_2008.pdf; last access September 30, 2015.
  20. 20. M. Dobbin and C. Tobin, Over-the-counter Ibuprofen/Codeine Analgesics: Misuse and Harm, Victorian Drugs Policy and Services Branch, Department of Human Services, Melbourne 2008.
  21. 21. K. Reed, A. Bond, J. Witton, R. Cornish, M. Hickman and J. Strang, The Changing Use of Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs and of Over-the-counter Codeine-containing Products in England: a Structured Review of Published English and International Evidence and Available Data to Inform Consideration of the Extent of Dependence and Harm, The National Addiction Centre, Kings College London and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol 2011; http://www.appgita.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Report-1-NAC-Benzos-and-z-drug-addiction.pdf; last access September 27, 2015.
  22. 22. R. J. Cooper, Respectable Addiction - a Qualitative Study of Over the Counter Medicine Abuse in the UK, School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield. Sheffield 2011; http:// www.pharmacyresearchuk.org/waterway/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/respectable_addiction_richard_cooper_2011.pdf; last access October 1, 2015.
  23. 23. A. M. Hamer, J. M. Spark, P. J. Wood and E. Roberts, The upscheduling of combination analgesics containing codeine: The impact on the practice of pharmacists, Res. Soc. Admin. Pharm. 10 (2014) 669-678; DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2013.08.004 10.1016/j.sapharm.2013.08.00424144932
  24. 24. F. L. Shand, G. Campbell, W. Hall, N. Lintzeris, M. Cohen and L. Degenhardt, Real-time monitoring of Schedule 8 medicines in Australia: evaluation is essential, Med. J. Aus. 198 (2013) 80-81; DOI: 10.5694/mja12.10785.10.5694/mja12.1078523373486
  25. 25. B. McAvoy, M. Dobbin and C. Tobin, Over-the-counter codeine analgesic misuse and harm: characteristics of cases in Australia and New Zealand, New Zeal. Med. J. 124 (2011) 29-33.
  26. 26. C. Tobin, M. Dobbin and B. McAvoy, Regulatory responses to over-the-counter codeine analgesic misuse in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, Aust. New Zeal. J. Pub. Health 37 (2013) 483-488; DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12099.10.1111/1753-6405.1209924090333
  27. 27. H. M. L. Daudt, C. van Mossel and S. J. Scott, Enhancing the scoping study methodology: a large, inter-professional team’s experience with Arksey and O’Malley’s framework, Med. Res. Method. 13 (2013) 48; DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-13-48.10.1186/1471-2288-13-48361452623522333
  28. 28. C. L. Roumie and M. R. Griffin, Over-the-counter analgesics in older adults: a call for improved labelling and consumer education, Drugs Aging 21 (2004) 485-498.
  29. 29. G. C. Alexander, N. Mohajir and D. O. Meltzer, Consumers’ perceptions about risk of and access to nonprescription medications, Am. Pharm. Assoc. 45 (2005) 363-370; DOI: 10.1331/1544345054003868.10.1331/154434505400386815991758
  30. 30. M. Wazaify, E. Shields, C. M. Hughes and J. C. McElnay, Societal perspectives on over-the-counter (over the counter) medicines, Fam. Pract. 22 (2005) 170-176; DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmh723.10.1093/fampra/cmh72315710640
  31. 31. L. A. Hanna and C. M. Hughes, ‘First, do no harm’: factors that influence pharmacists making decisions about over-the-counter medication: a qualitative study in Northern Ireland, Drug Saf. 33 (2010) 245-255; DOI: 10.2165/11319050-000000000-00000.10.2165/11319050-000000000-0000020158288
  32. 32. R. J. Cooper, Over-the-counter medicine abuse: a review of the literature, J. Subst. Use 18 (2013) 82-107; DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2011.615002.10.3109/14659891.2011.615002360317023525509
  33. 33. M. Foley, R. Harris, E. Rich , A. Rapca, M. Bergin, I. Norman and M. C. Van Hout, The availability of over-the-counter codeine medicines across the European Union, Public Health (2015) in press; DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.06.014. 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.06.01426215740
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/acph-2015-0040 | Journal eISSN: 1846-9558 | Journal ISSN: 1330-0075
Language: English
Page range: 351 - 364
Accepted on: Oct 14, 2015
Published on: Dec 17, 2015
Published by: Croatian Pharmaceutical Society
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 times per year
Related subjects:

© 2015 Michael Bergin, Ian Norman, Michelle Foley, Richard Harris, Anna Rapca, Eileen Rich, Marie-Claire Van Hout, published by Croatian Pharmaceutical Society
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.