Figure 1
Figure 2
![Kaplan–Meier survival curves to estimate the median time for elevated serum levels of liver enzymes and total bilirubin (TB) to normalize.(A) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): 240 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 139.0 to 340.9); (B) alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 291 days (95% CI, 109.8 to 472.2); (C) alkaline phosphatase (ALP): 184 days (95% CI, 4.4 to 363.6); (D) γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT): 63 days (95% CI, 61.44 to 64.6); and (E) TB: 120 days (95% CI, 74.6 to 164.5).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647067dc83f1392090d68d5f/j_abm-2020-0010_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL3MB22LX%2F20251216%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251216T022514Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEI7%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQD8WGxrtNfxZu341od%2FsrGm2xG09JV8s6kBxqoXRpgVeQIgGPJvgetUZdmHU6WDi0dh3rNFOObwwbg%2FMKtadkbT%2Fa8qvAUIVxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDCH2FLfB1suC370JsSqZBZ4DC6trXGvrfBw%2F%2BgeXfHZp5xwREribyX59OGZ5B64IJ0SmFeBGrD4yVmxttUZ%2B2mxgCq9HRzkRhPop5Uap2hvjSG4Cgl3dL0j0cjb6rJrOITiEY6BVhNXEYXe7LX7%2FD7lKb4cdfbSBwIysc5AjlaVyPoTCcBX1bzTnXvE1XGwK4LgiQzyEY1LUEbE12pC4dS1UczR37Izw8aCsR0U7aBWAEe0jOSz2uQrxCXAH5HjEmeYE08nZu79e%2FePalAlVboM1hQeK4tIczRocvkkEpHtOGw8S5ZF7jOWTC2XKIC6yrSf4KVpeeyMqUN%2BSqvu70pgbXip%2BK20UF0ftw%2FPFh87E1qfGE5p3tuVHiZil7hQymx3vSXBSrYydXAmG8g5b%2Bs2XO4fQirIx%2FQza5wJTN2us8emMg9wgCiuV3ZgmYnjvujKvS2q%2B5xgjKTh0MGkwTs1hB7fN5CJXF7JVzy5xacTnI7hOu%2B2HZE10TAQfWBMUrJcSoVF2WmvhAKvTSWolwa7nw6lUwVMSjb50mPTIjBOT51gJysa9sFn%2BwLNBAyCSheUE4zCwIyc9fWuskxzsMDR7yEZg%2B7Ue4AhvZq3QWhBj2wEXxuL6mPN2zWs73nFcb8MOdKq6G840831S9FQ6GcnIQRBt%2ByJtYUeTd2ZBoGnpoik%2Ff6N0YdWc2gPFoKFlj6relz80CkznfXxH3UQk67qkA6KUgktMs8Pw7cZSh8Q%2B9SNWScQmM7Y6rqUZC2%2FZRhrkQ4yPn42tNYc%2F6cYnCkXFSyRueBJLlDWOSvEtA0hngLaGYAxgMpLfL23pixqC74vsXL5IFdN3yPfhV1nGn2snpeWvJwFtUpb%2FkEfo9je3xvjvAoUOcP3zs6MaFPUqfmISNPisOS69MO2NgsoGOrEBayWCTRAtyfQ15vXUhCeN875%2FPDb4DZ2yIIA9kvxf8WNL4lSqbmcioA0elRdKNSTJdnOLhKXu3eCg04DsOF6YKxB0F4C8jt8GGPwq82bBL4FTJrWFaUc%2FgUR1l%2BDRL8EJXU0oZxlyc5yawHKSBtIGkmCrKxpoA8sn33JN%2FiXBWaMQBA3Dqor6nQ%2FmC0XrdrB0%2FQK49JVOagybqOxn8VwgdoxOqju4HwdGQ15LcsyKoynd&X-Amz-Signature=fb234f1d2887438ead7920c96275b14685e197bd4d8b6dd6037d3e602a72f21b&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Demographic variables and differences between groups of infants with normal and elevated liver enzymes at the first presentation
| Variable | Normal liver enzyme levels (n = 15) | Elevated liver enzyme levels (n = 27) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Male | 8 | 18 | 0.39 |
| Female | 7 | 9 | |
| Gestational age (weeks) | |||
| 37 | 2 | 8 | 0.59 |
| 38 | 9 | 12 | |
| 39 | 3 | 3 | |
| 40 | 1 | 3 | |
| >40 | 0 | 1 | |
| Birth weight (g) | |||
| <2500 | 1 | 0 | 0.43 |
| 2501–3000 | 4 | 11 | |
| 3001–3500 | 9 | 13 | |
| >3500 | 1 | 3 | |
| Mode of delivery | |||
| Normal delivery | 6 | 13 | 0.61 |
| Cesarean section | 9 | 14 | |
| Liver enzyme (mean ± standard deviation) | |||
| AST (U/L) | 24.0–69.0 (35.6 ± 11.3) | 22.0–184.0 (50.4 ± 33.1) | 0.103 |
| ALT (U/L) | 10.0–33.0 (17.4 ± 6.2) | 10.0–56.0 (25.2 ± 13.2) | 0.013* |
| ALP (U/L) | 139.0–479.0 (262.5 ± 8.0) | 131.0–546.0 (320.8 ± 105.8) | 0.096 |
| GGT (U/L) | 57.0–124.0 (94.0 ± 23.6) | 55.0–352.0 (204.8 ± 75.8) | <0.001* |
Comparison of serum levels of liver enzymes between participants who completed the study and were lost to follow up in the group with elevated liver enzyme levels
| Group | Range | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GGT (U/L) | ALT (U/L) | AST (U/L) | ALP (U/L) | |
| Completed | 55.0–341.0 (196.7 ± 90.7) | 13.0–55.0 (27.5 ± 12.3) | 27.0–109.0 (51.8 ± 21.9) | 137.0–513.0 (319.7 ± 105.5) |
| Lost to follow up | 156.0–352.0 (212.2 ± 62.9) | 10.0–56.0 (23.1 ± 14.2) | 22.0–184.0 (49.1 ± 41.8) | 131.0–546.0 (321.8 ± 110.4) |
| P | 0.66 | 0.39 | 0.84 | 0.96 |
Total bilirubin level for each group at the first presentation and at age 2 months
| Group | Total bilirubin level (mg/dL) mean ± standard deviation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First presentation | P | Age 2 months§ | P | |
| Normal liver enzymes | 14.1 ± 4.1 | 0.76 | 2.2 ± 1.7 | 0.09 |
| Elevated liver enzymes | 14.4 ± 2.7 | 4.1 ± 3.5 | ||