Figure 1
Figure 2
![Kaplan–Meier survival curves to estimate the median time for elevated serum levels of liver enzymes and total bilirubin (TB) to normalize.(A) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): 240 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 139.0 to 340.9); (B) alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 291 days (95% CI, 109.8 to 472.2); (C) alkaline phosphatase (ALP): 184 days (95% CI, 4.4 to 363.6); (D) γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT): 63 days (95% CI, 61.44 to 64.6); and (E) TB: 120 days (95% CI, 74.6 to 164.5).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647067dc83f1392090d68d5f/j_abm-2020-0010_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKBODIFHJH%2F20260220%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260220T225321Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjENP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQDdcJB0Vdr5f2YK9mj%2B4a35KIlevNaVFisM%2FLSPBBMbpAIhANweRjQPjRnIQU9iGct1jQPZVlYGL%2F%2BlnPXivXVVeCZdKsQFCJz%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgymGe2EIqav2f4AbEYqmAWYaekdiUuA8tsGhBwI74jvu%2B6RgITIDZpZvwArR3i2fBz96hGUJxzprDeIIHzd9ynPZaVbUnnuyqYnpEBCXlXUXyVcJWw1E%2BU37esjhEvNE2qysPxJy%2B4WQYCq5BnBAP0RCUNOj0GWHoc10zZ99T4nbA4K79rA9YRK0uLZddWnDNVoF6qcaeptHCaW0nno%2Fx26DjuBZbL%2FSXFh9DhQmsJVSG6qUeVLg8Vsw6BFYEX%2Fh39HBxpOgrImtAosIuyCUFnINs%2BeMzRad37oYKmS%2FJGwKbqgGIAwvvP55dVJvn0CZ4LB2FRmL%2BygE0M95k08HRIweYOQ6W%2F573ekDbWH86KQtJbZyM33tu3Fr1BXbptSiAwXd%2FCJsGBUpdF2Q%2BR5X9i8vqW3dwthXaFQBMz4u0SuN%2Bo9NI2wxNZzbK%2FrXIYludV5Bc1q6qz9YJ2u2xQQk6Zfffmhno8Ph15qbuW%2BSrbkFG52IwcOgsk%2F%2F00HcgalaIbEHLpzOH2ici5iDfDxBpS%2BXCOIBzoO9CsmSMxkOgHjaXFySuhuwJrDrMfI1NlrjajtP2UREyFCiGxcIrCax8sNZZ5Cx2swAm8YCmTSZzu52fUeSvb%2F2C3uTA2S6amWVV47jI9b8DaWW4BH2It6IyIfVYHuTKPexC%2F%2FkGn7vUpUF6Baa1IOtPVnqsgZ9gfQAVb57Rc27qbwhLsdELhln2u9QgRvjO88%2FmVYjckMrViB9sPzeqX12qviX7xKsHWMWlxUswkK3fK5J2%2BCSsh1pb8AtvfSNgFEF58E1dkr54m8s1ix36FdjfVvQ3EG5iVU2DmxTLjNTxAYVj4VoU%2Bgb8kHz%2FB73VuzijVitYu2E8To2HzkZseEz6lL%2BCaSUOQgPOQ77M%2BhD5IdMIXT4swGOrABDNXOkXrP9N%2FmYSsRnSZ6gRxNQ0QX%2Fn2p%2FGpw3k1q9%2BYBk0PJ0xDWMJuWqm9sS6c4ExveIoVP3NGuE8GRYCC6MzCOmxCUphVsmQ6zsCtYgXhKKmXAowwYxjY%2BYkN%2FX%2BnbB2hNxQ7ZmWrSbiS9yPqvQBXCvq2i3wHKYynWYhrveaBm%2BT8rI%2FmQlmosNiQPCAx0cVFXi6XVcQ%2BfvDafVM87y1WT6IqxXduCJ9zrt6%2BnO8U%3D&X-Amz-Signature=4810a55150ed40e541ea3b8af375671a835f619d7278ce947149ef335c8a5a3d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Demographic variables and differences between groups of infants with normal and elevated liver enzymes at the first presentation
| Variable | Normal liver enzyme levels (n = 15) | Elevated liver enzyme levels (n = 27) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Male | 8 | 18 | 0.39 |
| Female | 7 | 9 | |
| Gestational age (weeks) | |||
| 37 | 2 | 8 | 0.59 |
| 38 | 9 | 12 | |
| 39 | 3 | 3 | |
| 40 | 1 | 3 | |
| >40 | 0 | 1 | |
| Birth weight (g) | |||
| <2500 | 1 | 0 | 0.43 |
| 2501–3000 | 4 | 11 | |
| 3001–3500 | 9 | 13 | |
| >3500 | 1 | 3 | |
| Mode of delivery | |||
| Normal delivery | 6 | 13 | 0.61 |
| Cesarean section | 9 | 14 | |
| Liver enzyme (mean ± standard deviation) | |||
| AST (U/L) | 24.0–69.0 (35.6 ± 11.3) | 22.0–184.0 (50.4 ± 33.1) | 0.103 |
| ALT (U/L) | 10.0–33.0 (17.4 ± 6.2) | 10.0–56.0 (25.2 ± 13.2) | 0.013* |
| ALP (U/L) | 139.0–479.0 (262.5 ± 8.0) | 131.0–546.0 (320.8 ± 105.8) | 0.096 |
| GGT (U/L) | 57.0–124.0 (94.0 ± 23.6) | 55.0–352.0 (204.8 ± 75.8) | <0.001* |
Comparison of serum levels of liver enzymes between participants who completed the study and were lost to follow up in the group with elevated liver enzyme levels
| Group | Range | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GGT (U/L) | ALT (U/L) | AST (U/L) | ALP (U/L) | |
| Completed | 55.0–341.0 (196.7 ± 90.7) | 13.0–55.0 (27.5 ± 12.3) | 27.0–109.0 (51.8 ± 21.9) | 137.0–513.0 (319.7 ± 105.5) |
| Lost to follow up | 156.0–352.0 (212.2 ± 62.9) | 10.0–56.0 (23.1 ± 14.2) | 22.0–184.0 (49.1 ± 41.8) | 131.0–546.0 (321.8 ± 110.4) |
| P | 0.66 | 0.39 | 0.84 | 0.96 |
Total bilirubin level for each group at the first presentation and at age 2 months
| Group | Total bilirubin level (mg/dL) mean ± standard deviation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First presentation | P | Age 2 months§ | P | |
| Normal liver enzymes | 14.1 ± 4.1 | 0.76 | 2.2 ± 1.7 | 0.09 |
| Elevated liver enzymes | 14.4 ± 2.7 | 4.1 ± 3.5 | ||