Figure 1
Figure 2
Characteristics of the study sample (N = 16,314) and significance of maternal care visits between subgroups
| Predisposing characteristics | N (%) | Median (P25–P75) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Province* | |||
| Punjab (Pakistan) | 10,278 (63) | 3 (2–6) | <0.01 |
| Sindh (Pakistan) | 6,036 (37) | 2 (1–5) | |
| Age* | |||
| ≤ 20 years | 1,773 (10.9) | 3 (1–5) | <0.01 |
| > 20 years | 14,541 (89.1) | 3 (1–5) | |
| Education level* | |||
| Illterate | 8,499 (52.1) | 2 (0–4) | <0.01 |
| Literate | 7,815 (47.9) | 4 (3–7) | |
| Area* | |||
| Urban | 5,813 (35.6) | 4 (2–7) | <0.01 |
| Rural | 10,501 (64.4) | 2 (1–4) | |
| Husband's age* | |||
| ≤ 30 years | 6,760 (41.4) | 3 (1–5) | <0.32 |
| > 30 years | 9,554 (58.6) | 3 (1–6) | |
| Domestic violence* | |||
| Yes | 8,667 (46.9) | 2 (1–4) | <0.01 |
| No | 7,647 (53.1) | 4 (2–7) | |
| Income level† | |||
| Low | 7,772 (47.6) | 2 (0–3) | <0.01 |
| Middle | 3,539 (21.7) | 3 (2–5) | |
| High | 5,003 (30.7) | 5 (3–8) | |
| Access to media* | |||
| Yes | 9,934 (60.9) | 2 (0–4) | <0.01 |
| No | 6,380 (39.1) | 4 (2–6) | |
| AIDS awareness* | |||
| Yes | 5,497 (33.7) | 5 (3–8) | <0.01 |
| No | 10,817 (66.3) | 2 (1–4) | |
| Experience of a child's death* | |||
| Yes | 3,591 (2.0) | 2 (1–5) | <0.01 |
| No | 12,723 (78) | 3 (1–6) | |
| Desire for pregnancy* | |||
| Yes | 14,345 (87.9) | 3 (1–5) | <0.01 |
| No | 1,969 (12.1) | 3 (1–5) | |
| Parity* | |||
| Primipara | 3,583 (22) | 4 (2–7) | <0.01 |
| Multipara | 12,731 (78) | 3 (1–5) | |
| Birth order* | |||
| ≤ 4 | 12,185 (74.7) | 3 (2–6) | <0.01 |
| > 4 | 4,129 (25.3) | 2 (0–4) |
Parameter estimates and 95% confidence interval (CI) estimates for ZINB model on maternal care utilization
| Coefficients | Zero-inflated regression | Count regression |
|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 0.12 (0.07–0.18) | 3.85 (3.59–4.13) |
| Province (Punjab) | Ref | Ref |
| Sindh | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) |
| Age (≤ 20 years) | Ref | Ref |
| > 20 years | 1.13 (0.87–1.48) | 1.13 (1.08–1.18)* |
| Education level (Illiterate) | Ref | Ref |
| Literate | 0.43 (0.35–0.54) * | 1.15 (1.12–1.19) * |
| Area (Urban) | Ref | Ref |
| Rural | 0.89 (0.75–1.06) | 0.94 (0.92–0.97) * |
| Domestic Violence (No) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 1.06 (0.92–1.22) | 0.91 (0.89–0.93) * |
| Income level (Low) | Ref | Ref |
| Middle | 0.53 (0.43–0.65) * | 1.25 (1.20–1.29) * |
| High | 0.31 (0.23–0.42) * | 1.56 (1.50–1.62) * |
| Access to media (No) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 0.52 (0.45–0.60) * | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) * |
| AIDS Awareness (Yes) | Ref | Ref |
| No | 1.75 (1.36–2.24) * | 0.86 (0.83–0.88) * |
| Experience of a child's death (Yes) | Ref | Ref |
| No | 1.13 (0.97–1.32) | 0.90 (0.87–0.93) * |
| Desire for pregnancy (Yes) | Ref | Ref |
| No | 1.24 (1.03–1.49) * | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) |
| Parity (Primipara) | Ref | Ref |
| Multipara | 1.59 (1.28–1.99) * | 0.85 (0.83–0.88) * |
| Birth order (≤4) | Ref | Ref |
| >4 | 1.41 (1.21–1.64) * | 0.90 (0.87–0.93) * |