A new methodology for simultaneous comparison and optimization between nanoparticles and their drug conjugates against various multidrug-resistant bacterial strains

Fluoroquinolones	*E. coli*	*S. aureus*
Ciprofloxacin [42]	0.015 mg/l	0.12 mg/l
Levofloxacin [43]	0.03 mg/l	0.12 mg/l
Norfloxacin [42]	0.06 mg/l	0.25 mg/l
Ofloxacin [42]	0.06 mg/l	0.25 mg/l
Pefloxacin [42]	0.06 mg/l	0.25 mg/l

Few representative molecules from the second- and third-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotics are used in this study.

Absorbance of *E. coli***(a, b)** and MRSA **(c, d)** with increasing concentration of AuNPs (2.87 nM) **(a, c)** and AgNPs (0.124 nM) **(b, d)** from 0 to 100 μl with 10 μl increments.

Absorbance of *E. coli***(a, b)** and MRSA **(c, d)** in the absence of drug or nanoparticles (control), in the presence of drug only (ciprofloxacin) and by varying concentrations of AuNPs (2.87 nM) **(a, c)** and AgNPs (0.124 nM) **(b, d)** from 10 to 100 μl.

Absorbance of *E. coli***(a, b)** and MRSA **(c, d)** in the absence of drug or nanoparticles (control), in the presence of drug only (levofloxacin) and by varying concentrations of AuNPs (2.87 nM) **(a, c)** and AgNPs (0.124 nM) **(b, d)** from 10 to 100 μl.

Absorbance of *E. coli***(a, b)** and MRSA **(c, d)** in the absence of drug or nanoparticles (control), in the presence of drug only (norfloxacin) and by varying concentrations of AuNPs (2.87 nM) **(a, c)** and AgNPs (0.124 nM) **(b, d)** from 10 to 100 μl.

Absorbance of *E. coli***(a,b)** and MRSA **(c, d)** in the absence of drug or nanoparticles (control), in the presence of drug only (ofloxacin) and by varying concentrations of AuNPs (2.87 nM) **(a, c)** and AgNPs (0.124 nM) (b,d) from 10 to 100 μl.

Absorbance of *E. coli***(a, b)** and MRSA **(c, d)** in the absence of drug or nanoparticles (control), in the presence of drug only (pefloxacin) and by varying concentrations of AuNPs (2.87 nM) **(a, c)** and AgNPs (0.124 nM) **(b, d)** from 10 to 100 μl.

Table 2

Comparison of antibacterial effects of various antibiotic – NP conjugates against E. coli and S. aureus

Fluoroquinolone–NP hybrids	Escherichia coli AgNPs	Escherichia coli AuNPs	Staphylococcus aureus AgNPs	Staphylococcus aureus AuNPs	Conclusion
No drug (NPs only)	Max. control until 2 h Increasing concentration of nanoparticles has no effect on bacterial strains	Max. control until 2 h Growth is increased with the increasing concentration of nanoparticles	Max control until 4 h Increasing concentration of nanoparticles has no significant effect on bacterial strains	No control over time Growth is increased with the increasing concentration of nanoparticles	Increasing concentration supports the growth of bacterial strains for AuNPs. No effect of concentration is observed for AgNPs
Ciprofloxacin	Max. control at 1 h Overall good control 10 μl are sufficient to control	Control of growth at 12 h Minimum growth at 10 μl, increases with additional AuNPs, decreases at 100 μl	Good control at 4 h Growth increases with time 70 μl are required to control the growth	No control over time Growth decreases at 100 μl of AuNPs	AgNP conjugates are best effective against E. coli and moderately effective against S. aureus. AuNPs are not effective against S. aureus or E. coli
Levofloxacin	Max. control at 1 h Overall good control 10 μl is sufficient to control	Minor effects on control of growth at 12 h No concentration effects	Good control at 4 h Growth increases with time 70 μl is required to control the growth	No control over time Growth increases with the addition of AuNPs, decreases at 100 μl of AuNPs	Same as above (ciprofloxacin)
Norfloxacin	Max. control at 1 h Growth increases with time 50 μl is required to control the growth	No control over time No effect of AuNPs	Good control at 4 h Growth increases with time 70 μl is required to control the growth	No control over time Growth slightly increases with the addition of AuNPs, decreases at 100 μl of AuNPs	AgNP conjugates are moderately effective against E. coli and S. aureus. AuNPs are not effective against S. aureus or E. coli
Ofloxacin	Max. control at 1 h Growth increases with time 50 μl is required to control the growth	Control of growth at 12 h Growth increases with the addition of AuNPs, minimum at 60 μl, decreases at 100 μl of AuNPs	Good control at 4 h Growth increases with time after 8 h 70 μl is required to control the growth	No control over time Growth slightly increases with the addition of AuNPs, decreases at 100 μl of AuNPs	Same as above (norfloxacin)
Pefloxacin	Max. control at 1 h with controlled growth until 4 h, afterward growth increases with time 40 μl is required to control the growth	No control over time Growth increases with the addition of AuNPs	Growth is observed with time 50 μl is required to control the growth	No control over time Growth slightly increases with the addition of AuNPs, decreases at 100 μl of AuNPs	Same as above (norfloxacin and ofloxacin)

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/abm-2019-0054 | Journal eISSN: 1875-855X | Journal ISSN: 1905-7415

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Language: English

Page range: 149 - 162

Published on: Mar 31, 2020

Published by: Chulalongkorn University

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

anti-bacterial agents,

Related subjects:

Assistive professions, nursing,

Basic medical science,

Basic medical science, other,

Clinical medicine,

Clinical medicine, other

© 2020 Ahson Jabbar Shaikh, Nargis Aman, Muhammad Arfat Yameen, published by Chulalongkorn University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 13 (2019): Issue 4 (August 2019)

A new methodology for simultaneous comparison and optimization between nanoparticles and their drug conjugates against various multidrug-resistant bacterial strains

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