Table 1
Sociodemographic characteristics for parent and child (N = 200)
| Parent | n (%) | Child | n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Relationship to child | Sex | ||
| Mother | 168 (84.0) | Male | 158 (79.0) |
| Age (mean: SD) | 43.4: 7.76 | Age (Mean: SD) | 11.2: 2.8 |
| Education | Education | ||
| Primary school | 8 (9.0) | Junior primary school | 52 (26.0) |
| Secondary school | 25 (12.5) | Senior primary school | 63 (31.5) |
| College graduate | 34 (17.0) | Junior high school | 65 (32.5) |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 123 (61.5) | Senior high school | 20 (10.0) |
| Employment | Taking psychostimulant medication for ADHD | 185 (92.5) | |
| Unemployed | 10 (5.0) | ||
| Employee | 86 (43.0) | Drug holiday from psychostimulant medication | 120 (60.0) |
| Own business | 66 (33.0) | ||
| Government and state enterprise | 38 (19.0) | Duration (years) of treatment (Median: IQR) | 3.63: 4.5 |
| Adequate income | 152 (76.6) | Number of disruptive behaviors | |
| (Mean: SD); Range 1.23: 1.11; 0–3 | |||
| Number of children | Multiple symptoms of disruptive behaviors | ||
| (Mean: SD); Range 1.89: 0.81; 1–5 | |||
| Anxiety | 41 (20.5) | Inattention | 79 (39.5) |
| Coping strategies (Mean: SD) | Hyperactivity–impulsivity | 84 (42.0) | |
| Escape–avoidance 2.34: 0.57 | Oppositional defiant behaviors | 84 (42.0) | |
| Seeking of social support | 2.99: 0.81 | ||
| Planful problem solving | 3.63: 0.51 |
Table 2
Bivariate correlations between disruptive behaviors, coping strategies, and parental anxiety
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inattention | 1 | ||||||
| Hyperactivity–impulsivity | r = 0.50 P < 0.001 | 1 | |||||
| Oppositional defiant | r = 0.53 P < 0.001 | r = 0.45 P < 0.001 | 1 | ||||
| Escape–avoidance | r = 0.13 P = 0.07 | r = 0.15 P = 0.037 | r = 0.20 P = 0.005 | 1 | |||
| Seeking social support | r = 0.19 P = 0.007 | r = 0.00 P = 0.996 | r = 0.08 P = 0.242 | r = 0.21 P = 0.002 | 1 | ||
| Planful problem solving | r = 0.08 P = 0.28 | r = –0.06 P = 0.379 | r = –0.004 P = 0.954 | r = 0.01 P = 0.884 | r = 0.41 P < 0.001 | 1 | |
| Anxiety | r = 0.20 P = 0.004 | r = 0.17 P = 0.015 | r = 0.26 P < 0.001 | r = 0.33 P < 0.001 | r = 0.03 P = 0.644 | r = 0.03 P = 0.717 | 1 |
Figure 1
Coping strategies as mediators of inattention, hyperactivity–impulsivity, and oppositional defiant behaviors and anxiety (χ2 = 0.05, P = 0.82, GFI = 0.99, CFI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.01). Paths with solid lines and numbers in bold are significant (P <0.05). All path coefficients are standardized
Figure 2
Final model of disruptive behaviors and coping strategies as mediators of anxiety (χ2 = 0.23, P = 0.88, CFI = 1.00, GFI = 1.00, RMSEA = 0.00). Paths with solid lines and numbers in bold are statistically significant (P <0.05). Numbers in paths present the standardized regression coefficients