Table 1
Anthropometric characteristics and biochemical variables of the mildly decreased eGFR (G2) and the normal eGFR (G1)
| Variables | Normal eGFR (G1) | Mildly decreased eGFR (G2) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 90) | (n = 82) | ||
| Sex | |||
| Male, n (%) | 14 (16) | 22 (27) | |
| Female, n (%) | 76 (84) | 60 (73) | 0.069a |
| Age (years) | 43.52 ± 5.92 | 50.17 ± 6.42 | <0.001*b |
| Weight (kg) | 63.53 ± 12.36 | 62.24 ± 9.99 | 0.760b |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.697 ± 3.87 | 24.09 ± 3.10 | 0.624b |
| Waist (cm) | 82.56 ± 10.14 | 83.72 ± 8.35 | 0.278b |
| Hip (cm) | 98.94 ± 8.91 | 97.54 ± 7.50 | 0.331b |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.84 ± 0.07 | 0.86 ± 0.06 | 0.062b |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75.89 ± 9.33 | 80.20 ± 10.34 | <0.001*b |
| SBP (mmHg) | 116.28 ± 12.46 | 124.32 ± 13.25 | <0.001*b |
| Body adipose | 30.98 ± 4.88 | 30.20 ± 4.96 | 0.274b |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.70 ± 0.11 | 0.92 ± 0.14 | <0.001*b |
| eGFR | 105.02 ± 8.33 | 80.20 ± 6.98 | <0.001*b |
| UACR (mg/g) | 6.71 ± 4.27 | 8.13 ± 9.39 | 0.582b |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 88.44 ± 6.56 | 88.91 ± 6.97 | 0.630b |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 225.56 ± 50.23 | 229.27 ± 45.45 | 0.480b |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 113.42 ± 54.58 | 125.43 ± 69.30 | 0.321b |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 54.29 ± 14.54 | 60.61 ± 15.16 | 0.012*b |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 144.36 ± 38.66 | 143.45 ± 40.13 | 0.800b |
| Serum adiponectin (mg/mL) | 6.57 ± 3.24 | 8.23 ± 3.26 | <0.001*b |
[i] DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; FPG, Fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Categorical variables are shown as percentage (%).
aChi-square test
bMann–Whitney U test
*P < 0.05 was considered significant.
Figure 1
Comparison of the serum adiponectin between the mildly decreased eGFR (G2) and the control with normal eGFR (G1). P: Mann–Whiney U test
Figure 2
Comparison of serum adiponectin in male (open bars) and female (solid bars) in the mildly decreased eGFR (G2) and the control with normal eGFR (G1). P: Mann–Whiney U test
Figure 3
Comparison of serum adiponectin between the normal eGFR (gray bar) and the mildly decreased eGFR (black bar) among normal weight, overweight, and obesity based on Asian BMI. The Kruskal–Wallis test followed by a post-hoc test was used to determine the differences between three independent groups and all pairwise comparisons. (*P < 0.05 vs normal weight group and obese group and overweight group and obese group)
Table 2
Bivariate spearman’s rank correlation coefficients between serum adiponectin with anthropometric characteristics and biochemical variables
| Variables | Serum adiponectin (µg/mL) | |
|---|---|---|
| r | P | |
| Age (year) | 0.355 | <0.001* |
| Weight (kg) | -0.306 | <0.001* |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | -0.217 | 0.004* |
| Waist (cm) | -0.236 | 0.002* |
| Hip (cm) | -0.256 | 0.001* |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | -0.105 | 0.168 |
| DBP (mmHg) | -0.071 | 0.358 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 0.004 | 0.963 |
| Body adiposity index | -0.068 | 0.379 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | -0.073 | 0.344 |
| eGFR | -0.257 | 0.001* |
| UACR (mg/g) | 0.108 | 0.159 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | -0.005 | 0.947 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | -0.056 | 0.469 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | -0.204 | 0.007* |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 0.444 | <0.001* |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | -0.082 | 0.283 |
[i] Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients, *P < 0.05 was considered significant.
Table 3
Multiple linear regression with adiponectin as a dependent variable (N = 172)
| Independent variables | Unstandardized coefficients | Standardized coefficients | t | P < 0.05 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | Std. Error | Beta | |||
| Constant | 22.190 | 36.021 | 0.616 | 0.539 | |
| Age (year) | 0.117 | 0.052 | 0.244 | 2.248 | 0.026* |
| Weight (kg) | 0.244 | 0.247 | 0.822 | 0.989 | 0.324 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | –0.595 | 0.643 | –0.627 | –0.926 | 0.356 |
| Waist (cm) | –0.078 | 0.264 | –0.216 | –0.295 | 0.769 |
| Hip (cm) | –0.094 | 0.343 | –0.233 | –0.275 | 0.784 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 3.976 | 24.328 | 0.084 | 0.163 | 0.870 |
| DBP (mmHg) | –0.050 | 0.032 | –0.150 | –1.534 | 0.127 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 0.019 | 0.025 | 0.077 | 0.783 | 0.435 |
| Body adiposity index | 0.182 | 0.485 | 0.268 | 0.375 | 0.708 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | –1.451 | 4.985 | –0.073 | –0.291 | 0.771 |
| eGFR | –0.030 | 0.053 | –0.129 | –0.562 | 0.575 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 0.021 | 0.031 | 0.045 | 0.664 | 0.508 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 0.054 | 0.035 | 0.108 | 1.554 | 0.122 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.020 | 0.011 | 0.289 | 1.909 | 0.058 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | –0.006 | 0.005 | –0.103 | –1.152 | 0.251 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 0.053 | 0.020 | 0.241 | 2.651 | 0.009* |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | –0.030 | 0.012 | –0.351 | –2.537 | 0.012* |
| Constant = 22.190; R = 0.600; R2 = 0.280; SEest= ±2.82; F = 4.494; P <0.05 | |||||
[i] Serum adiponectin = 22.190 + 0.117 (Age) +0.053 (HDL-C) -0.030 (LDL-C).
Table 4
Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk for mildly decreased eGFR
| Variables | Case | Control | Crude OR | P | Adjusted OR | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | (95%Cl) | (95%Cl) | |||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 22 (26.8) | 14 (15.6) | 1 | |||
| Female | 60 (73.2) | 76 (84.4) | 0.5 (0.2–1.1) | 0.072 | ||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 35–45 | 20 (24.4) | 60 (66.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 46–55 | 38 (46.3) | 25 (27.8) | 4.5 (2.2–9.3) | <0.001* | 4.0 (1.9–8.3) | <0.001* |
| >55 | 24 (29.3) | 5 (5.5) | 14.4 (4.9–42.8) | <0.001* | 11.4 (3.7–35.5) | <0.001* |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Normal | 30 (36.6) | 30 (33.3) | 1 | |||
| Overweight | 27 (37.9) | 30 (33.3) | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 0.776 | ||
| Obese | 25 (30.5) | 30 (33.3) | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 0.626 | ||
| Waist-to-hip ratio | ||||||
| Male ≤0.90, Female ≤0.85 | 52 (63.4) | 63 (70.0) | 1 | |||
| Male >0.90, Female >0.85 | 30 (36.6) | 27 (30.0) | 1.3 (0.7–2.5) | 0.360 | ||
| SBP (mmHg) | ||||||
| <130 | 57 (69.5) | 77 (85.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≥130 | 25 (30.5) | 13 (14.4) | 2.6 (1.2–5.5) | 0.013* | 1.2 (0.4–3.4) | 0.689 |
| DBP (mmHg) | ||||||
| <85 | 53 (64.6) | 75 (83.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≥85 | 29 (35.4) | 15 (16.7) | 2.7 (1.4–5.9) | 0.006* | 2.2 (0.8–5.5) | 0.112 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | ||||||
| <100 | 78 (95.1) | 89 (5.6) | 1 | |||
| ≥100 | 4 (4.9) | 1 (1.1) | 4.5 (0.5–41.7) | 0.179 | ||
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||||
| <200 | 18 (22.0) | 28 (31.1) | 1 | |||
| ≥200 | 64 (78.0) | 62 (68.9) | 1.6 (0.8–3.2) | 0.177 | ||
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | ||||||
| <150 | 58 (70.7) | 71 (78.9) | 1 | |||
| ≥150 | 24 (29.3) | 19 (21.1) | 1.5 (0.8–3.1) | 0.219 | ||
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | ||||||
| Male ≥40, Female ≥50 | 14 (17.1) | 23 (25.6) | 1 | |||
| Male <40, Female <50 | 68.6 (82.9) | 67 (74.4) | 1.6 (0.8–3.5) | 0.179 | ||
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | ||||||
| <100 | 11 (12.6) | 9 (10.0) | 1 | |||
| ≥100 | 76 (87.4) | 81 (90.0) | 0.8 (0.3–2.1) | 0.647 | ||
| Serum adiponectin (mg/mL) | ||||||
| <5.70 | 24 (29.3) | 45 (50.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≥5.70 | 58 (70.7) | 45 (50.0) | 2.4 (1.3–4.5) | 0.006* | 1.7 (0.8–3.5) | 0.147 |
[i] OR, odd ratio; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
*P < 0.05 was considered significant.