Factors associated with poor glycemic control by univariate logistic regression analysis
| Factor | Adjusted odds | 95% confidence interval | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ratio | Lower | Upper | ||
| Family income <30,000 | 5.68 | 0.89 | 36.31 | 0.07 |
| THB/month | ||||
| Quality of life score <25 | 6.19 | 1.01 | 37.87 | 0.049* |
| Family APGAR score <16 | 3.81 | 0.34 | 43.19 | 0.28 |
| Problem- and | 1.99 | 0.18 | 21.67 | 0.57 |
| conflict-solving score <11 | ||||
Adherence and glycemic control
| HbA1c | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Good control (<8.0%), n = 13 | Poor control (≥8.0%), n = 45 | P |
| Frequency of missing SMBG in 1 wk | |||
| Never forget | 10 (77%) | 22 (49%) | 0.11 |
| Forget at least 1 time/wk | 3 (23%) | 23 (51%) | |
| Frequency of missing insulin injection in 1 wk | |||
| Never forget | 11 (85%) | 37 (82%) | >0.99 |
| Forget at least 1 time/wk | 2 (15%) | 8 (18%) | |
| Frequency of missing log book in the last 3 visits | |||
| Never forget | 8 (62%) | 25 (56%) | 0.76 |
| Forget at least 1 time | 5 (38%) | 20 (44%) | |
| Frequency of missing glucose meter in the last 3 visits | |||
| Never forget | 9 (69%) | 30 (67%) | >0.99 |
| Forget at least 1 time | 4 (31%) | 15 (33%) | |
| Composite | 6.2 ± 2.1 | 5.8 ± 2.1 | 0.51 |
| adherence score | |||
| MMAS score | 6.4 ± 1.4 | 6.03 ± 1.3 | 0.35 |
Insulin regimen, dose, frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose, and glycemic control
| HbA1c | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Factor | Good control (<8.0%), n = 13 | Poor control (≥8.0%), n = 45 | |
| Insulin regimen | |||
| Basal-bolus insulin regimen (≥4 injections/day) | 10 (77%) | 29 (64%) | 0.52 |
| Other regimens: | 3 (23%) | 16 (36%) | |
| 2 injections/day with premixed or split mixed human insulin | 3 | 11 | |
| 3 injections/day with split mixed human insulin | 0 | 5 | |
| Units of insulin per body weight (U/kg/day) Frequency of SMBG | 0.79 ± 0.28 | 0.99 ± 0.30 | 0.04* |
| 0–1 | 1 (8%) | 9 (20%) | 0.53 |
| 2 | 4 (31%) | 12 (27%) | |
| 3 | 2 (15%) | 11 (24%) | |
| ≥4 | 6 (46%) | 13 (29%) |
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patient participants in the groups with good and poor glycated hemoglobin control
| HbA1c (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Total | Good control (<8.0%), n = 13 | Poor control (≥8.0%), n = 45 | P |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 28 (48%) | 8 (62%) | 20 (44%) | 0.27 |
| Female | 30 (52%) | 5 (39%) | 25 (56%) | |
| Age (years) | 13.6 ± 4.0 | 14.4 ± 5.6 | 13.4 ± 3.5 | 0.45 |
| BMI-SDS | 0.5 (-0.13, 1.04) | -0.10 | 0.56 | 0.07 |
| (-1.06, 0.7) | (0.14, 1.15) | |||
| Pubertal status | ||||
| Prepuberty | 13 (22%) | 4 (31%) | 9 (20%) | 0.46 |
| Puberty | 45 (78%) | 9 (69%) | 36 (80%) | |
| Duration of T1D (years) | ||||
| Median (range) | 4.1 (1-18) | 4.3 (1-18) | 3.5 (1-13) | |
| ≤2 years | 21 (36%) | 6 (46%) | 15 (33%) | 0.61 |
| >2 years | 37 (64%) | 7 (54%) | 30 (67%) | 0.40 |
Family support and quality of life and glycemic control
| Psychosocial indicators | HbA1c | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Good control (<8.0%), n = 13 | Poor control (≥8.0%), n = 45 | ||
| Family relationship and functioning (7-35) | 31 (29, 32.5) | 27 (24.5, 32) | 0.17 |
| Family APGAR scores (0-20) | 20 (17, 20) | 15 (12, 19) | 0.005* |
| Problem- and conflict-solving skill (0-15) | 9 (7, 11.5) | 7 (5, 9) | 0.054 |
| QoL (0-39) | 27 (22.5, 28.5) | 21 (17, 24) | 0.019* |