Figure 1
Sociodemographic variables associated with exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months of infant age
| Variable | 2010 | 2013 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | EBF, n (%) | P† | n | EBF, n (%) | P† | |
| Parity | ||||||
| Primiparous | 1641 | 393 (23.9) | <0.001 | 1721 | 640 (37.2) | <0.001 |
| Multiparous | 3843 | 1178 (30.7) | 3843 | 1654 (43.0) | ||
| Infant’s sex | ||||||
| Male | 2804 | 789 (28.1) | 0.39 | 2829 | 1109 (39.2) | 0.002 |
| Female | 2680 | 782 (29.2) | 2735 | 1185 (43.3) | ||
| Mother’s ethnicity | ||||||
| Malay | 4710 | 1388 (29.5) | <0.001 | 5024 | 2092 (41.6) | 0.012 |
| Chinese | 337 | 64 (19.0) | 265 | 86 (32.5) | ||
| Others‡ | 437 | 119 (27.2) | 275 | 116 (42.2) | ||
| District of residence | ||||||
| Brunei-Muara | 3947 | 1093 (27.7) | 0.063 | 3923 | 1594 (40.6) | 0.50 |
| Tutong | 648 | 210 (32.4) | 630 | 273 (43.3) | ||
| Kuala Belait | 749 | 227 (30.4) | 882 | 370 (42.0) | ||
| Temburong | 140 | 41 (29.3) | 129 | 57 (44.2) | ||
Comparing exclusive breastfeeding practice between mothers employed by the government and nonworking mothers, with consideration of paid maternity leave duration
| 2010 (%) | 2013 (%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infant age (months) | PML status†A | Government (n = 2066) B | Nonworking (n = 2362) | Percentage point difference (B–A) | PML status‡ | Government (n = 2182) A | Nonworking (n = 2581) B | Percentage point difference (B–A) |
| 1 | Active | 72.0 | 72.5 | 0.5 | Active | 81.0 | 79.1 | –1.9 |
| 2 | ½Active | 51.3 | 55.4 | 4.1 | Active | 67.7 | 66.3 | –1.4 |
| 3 | Inactive | 39.3 | 47.2 | 7.9 | Active | 57.8 | 56.9 | –0.9 |
| 4 | Inactive | 31.2 | 41.5 | 10.3 | Inactive | 48.9 | 51.5 | +2.6 |
| 5 | Inactive | 24.9 | 38.3 | 13.4 | Inactive | 42.3 | 47.0 | +4.7 |
| 6 | Inactive | 24.9 | 36.7 | 11.8 | Inactive | 40.4 | 45.5 | +5.1 |
Demographic profile of new mothers and infants
| Variable | n (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 2010 | 2013 | |
| Maternal employment | ||
| Government | 2066 (37.7) | 2182 (38.1) |
| Private sector | 1056 (19.3) | 962 (16.8) |
| Nonworking | 2362 (43.0) | 2581 (45.1) |
| Maternal citizenship | ||
| Bruneian | 4899 (89.3) | 5270 (92.1) |
| Non-Bruneian | 585 (10.7) | 455 (7.9) |
| Parity | ||
| Primiparous | 1641 (29.9) | 1794 (31.3) |
| Multiparous | 3843 (70.1) | 3931 (68.7) |
| Infant’s sex | ||
| Male | 2804 (51.1) | 2917 (51.0) |
| Female | 2680 (48.9) | 2808 (49.0) |
| Maternal ethnicity | ||
| Malay | 4710 (85.9) | 5058 (88.3) |
| Chinese | 337 (6.1) | 309 (5.4) |
| Others | 437 (8.0) | 358 (6.3) |
| Maternal district of residence | ||
| Brunei-Muara | 3947 (71.9) | 4070 (71.1) |
| Tutong | 648 (11.8) | 630 (11.0) |
| Kuala Belait | 749 (13.7) | 895 (15.6) |
| Temburong | 140 (2.6) | 130 (2.3) |
Variables associated with exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months of infant age in 2010 and 2013†
| Variable | 2010 | 2013 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AoR | (95% CI) | P‡ | AoR | (95% CI) | P‡ | |
| Parity | ||||||
| Primiparous | 0.74 | (0.64 to 0.84) | <0.001 | 0.80 | (0.71 to 0.90) | <0.001 |
| Multiparous | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | |
| Mother’s ethnicity | 0.002 | |||||
| Malay | 1.17 | (0.94 to 1.47) | 0.17§ | |||
| Chinese | 0.73 | (0.33 to 0.47) | 0.082§ | |||
| Others | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Infant’s sex | ||||||
| Male | 0.85 | (0.77 to 0.95) | 0.04 | |||
| Female | 1.00 | – | – | |||
| Maternal employment | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Government | 0.55 | (0.48 to 0.63) | <0.001§ | 0.81 | (0.72 to 0.91) | <0.001§ |
| Private sector | 0.40 | (0.33 to 0.47) | <0.001§ | 0.48 | (0.41 to 0.58) | <0.001§ |
| Nonworking | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
Change in the trend for exclusive breastfeeding according to employment sector in 2010 and 2013
| Government sector (%) | Nonworking (full-time housewives) (%) | Private sector (%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infant age | |||||||||
| (months) | 2010 | 2013 | Percentage | 2010 | 2013 | % increase | 2010 | 2013 | Percentage |
| (n = 2066) | (n = 2182) | point increase | (n = 2362) | (n = 2581) | (n = 1056) | (n = 801) | point increase | ||
| 1 | 72.0 | 81.0 | 9.0 | 72.5 | 79.1 | 6.6 | 67.0 | 72.4 | 5.4 |
| 2 | 51.3 | 67.7 | 16.4 | 55.4 | 66.3 | 10.9 | 42.0 | 53.7 | 11.7 |
| 3 | 39.3 | 57.8 | 18.5 | 47.2 | 56.9 | 9.7 | 30.1 | 43.6 | 13.5 |
| 4 | 31.2 | 48.9 | 17.7 | 41.5 | 51.5 | 10.0 | 24.0 | 35.3 | 11.3 |
| 5 | 24.9 | 42.3 | 17.4 | 38.3 | 47.0 | 8.7 | 20.5 | 30.3 | 9.8 |
| 6 | 24.9 | 40.4 | 15.5 | 36.7 | 45.5 | 8.8 | 17.9 | 28.7 | 10.8 |
The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding from 1 month to 6 months of infant age in 2010 and 2013
| Infant age | % (95% CI) | Percentage | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (months) | 2010 | 2013 | P† | point increase |
| 1 | 71 (70 to 72) | 78 (77 to 79) | <0.001 | 7 |
| 2 | 51 (50 to 53) | 64 (63 to 66) | <0.001 | 13 |
| 3 | 41 (40 to 42) | 55 (53 to 56) | <0.001 | 14 |
| 4 | 34 (33 to 35) | 48 (46 to 49) | <0.001 | 14 |
| 5 | 29 (27 to 30) | 42 (41 to 43) | <0.001 | 12 |
| 6 | 29 (27 to 30) | 41 (39 to 42) | <0.001 | 12 |