Figure 1
Community and social context: interlinkages with other social determinants of health (SDOH) domains.
Table 1
Community and social context subdomain measures.14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38
| STUDY | CITATION NUMBER | SUBDOMAIN DEFINITION/RELEVANT LINKS |
|---|---|---|
| SOCIAL SUPPORT | ||
| Gallagher et al., 2011 | 14 | Aspects of relationships with a partner that
promote health or buffer stress including instrumental aid, emotional
caring or concern, and information; final measure created using a survey
questionnaire with multiple items https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21372734/ |
| Wu et al., 2013 | 15 | Perceived social support, using
Multidimensional PerceivedSocial Support Scale https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22746258/ |
| Kawachi et al., 1996 | 16 | Berkman-Syme Social Networks Index: a
composite measure of social connections. Major domains include marital
status, sociability, church group membership, other community
organization membership. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8935453/ |
| Berkman et al., 1992 | 17 | Emotional support, measured using social ties
(eg, can you count on anyone to provide you with emotional support?) and
social networks (eg, marital status, contact with friends/relatives,
membership in religious organization, activities in voluntary
groups) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1443968/ |
| Williams et al., 1992 | 18 | Perceived socialsupport using structural (eg,
marital status) and functional (eg, satisfactionwith social
relationships, feeling of loneliness) aspects https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1729574/ |
| Berkman et al., 2003 | 19 | Low perceived social support determined using
the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHED)
Social Support Instrument (ESSI) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12813116/ |
| SOCIAL COHESION | ||
| Kim et al., 2014 | 20 | Perceived neighborhood social cohesion quantified using a four-item scale: (1) I really feel part of this area; (2) If I were in trouble, there are lots of people in this area who would help me; (3) Most people in this area can be trusted; (4) Most people in this area are friendly. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25135074/ |
| Lagisetty et al., 2016 | 21 | Perceived neighborhood social cohesionusing five-item Likert scale: (1) People around here arewilling to help their neighbors; (2) People in this neighborhoodgenerally don’t get along with each other; (3) Peoplein this neighborhood can be trusted; (4) People in thisneighborhood do not share the same values; (5) Most peoplein this neighborhood know each other. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26527589/ |
| Quinn et al., 2017 | 22 | Neighborhood social cohesion quantified using four questions modified from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods Community Survey https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2019/19_0085.htm |
| Buckner, 1988 | 23 | Neighborhood Cohesion Instrument(https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1007/BF00930892) |
| Sampson etal., 1997 | 24 | Social Cohesion Scale https://science.sciencemag.org/content/277/5328/918 |
| Smith et al., 2017 Health Retirement Survey | 25 | Multiple items/subdomains https://hrs.isr.umich.edu/sites/default/files/biblio/HRS%202006-2016%20SAQ%20Documentation_07.06.17_0.pdf |
| DISCRIMINATION | ||
| Everson-Rose etal., 2015 | 26 | Discrimination measured using (1) lifetime discrimination with the Lifetime Discrimination Scale and (2) everyday discrimination/with the Everyday Discrimination Scale https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26085044 |
| Forde et al., 2020 | 27 | Discrimination measured using (1) lifetime discrimination with the Lifetime Discrimination Scale and (2) everyday discrimination using the Everyday Discrimination Scale https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32605388/ |
| Schulman et al., 1999 | 28 | Discrimination measured as differences
inmanagement of chest pain based on race and sex ofpatient in scripted
interviews https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10029647/ |
| Popescu et al., 2011 | 29 | Discrimination measured as differences in
acute myocardial infarction admissions to revascularization hospitals
and high-quality hospitals based on race https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21632492/ |
| Wang et al., 2009 | 30 | Discrimination measured as differencein
incident hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and barriers to
healthcarein patients with a history of incarceration vs those withouta
history of incarceration https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19364998/ |
| COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND CIVIC PARTICIPATION | ||
| Victor et al., 2018 Resnicow et al., 2005 | 31,32 | Effects of community engagement on CVD risk
factors assessed via engagement in barbershops, local
churches https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1717250 https://content.apa.org/record/2005-07929-001 |
| Benson et al., 2019 | 33 | Various community engagement practices,
including heart-health screenings, community weight-loss interventions,
community health challenges, and phone counseling
program https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30792949/ |
| Sidebottom et al., 2018 | 34 | Community engagementusing multiple
interventions in a single town to assess forimprovement in CVD risk
factors https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29634974/ |
| Burr et al., 2011 | 35 | Volunteer work assessed as a community
engagement activity https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0898264310388272 |
| ADDITIONAL RESOURCES | ||
| Driscoll A., 2010 | 36 | “The collaboration betweeninstitutions
of higher education and their larger communities (local, regional/state,
national, global) for the mutually beneficial exchange of knowledgeand
resources in a context of partnership and
reciprocity” https://naspa.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3200/CHNG.40.1.38-41 |
| CDC 2011 | 37 | “The process of working collaboratively
with and through groups of people affiliated by geographic proximity,
special interest, or similar situations to address issues affecting the
wellbeing of those people” https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/communityengagement/index.html |
| Ahmad et al., 2010 | 38 | “Community Engagement in Research is a
core elementof any research effort involving communities which requires
academic membersto become part of the community and community members
tobecome part of the research team, thereby creating a uniqueworking and
learning environment before, during, and after the
research.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901283/ |
Figure 2
Pathways from community and social context (CSC) to cardiovascular disease (CVD). SDOH: social determinants of health.
Table 2
Subdomain-specific research and policy recommendations. CSC: community and social context; CVD: cardiovascular disease; SDOH: social determinants of health.
| CSC SUBDOMAINS | RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK |
|---|---|
| SOCIAL SUPPORT |
|
| SOCIAL COHESION |
|
| DISCRIMINATION |
|
| COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND CIVIC PARTICIPATION |
|