Table 1
A summary of the studies discussed in this review. M: males; F: females; y: years; MI: myocardial infarction; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; Lp(a): lipoprotein a; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; CAD: coronary artery disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease; Hx: history; N/A: not applicable.
| AUTHOR | YEAR | JOURNAL | TYPE | POPULATION |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akosah KO | 2003 | Journal of the American College of Cardiology | Retrospective cohort | M < 55 y, F < 65 y hospitalized for acute MI (mean 50) |
| Anderson RE | 2008 | American Heart Journal | Retrospective cohort | Patients aged 18–45 (803), 45–65 (6185), > 65 y (7715) with MI |
| Arora S | 2019 | Circulation | Retrospective cohort | 8,737 patients aged 35–54 y with AMI |
| Berman AN | 2020 | European Journal of Preventive Cardiology | Retrospective cohort | Patients aged < 50 y with MI, 441 with Lp(a) measured |
| Biery DW | 2020 | JAMA Network Open | Retrospective cohort | 2,072 YOUNG-MI patients aged < 50 y with MI |
| Bucholz EM | 2017 | European Heart Journal – Acute CV Care | Retrospective cohort | 3,501 patients aged < 55 y with AMI |
| Canto JG | 2000 | JAMA | Prospective cohort | 434,877 patients with MI |
| Choudhury L | 1999 | American Journal of Medicine | Review | N/A (literature review – see reference 13) |
| Davidson L | 2014 | American Journal of Medicine | Retrospective cohort | 124 patients aged ≤ 35 y with ACS |
| DeFilippis EM | 2018 | Journal of the American College of Cardiology | Retrospective cohort | 2,097 patients aged < 50 y with MI |
| DeFilippis EM | 2020 | European Heart Journal | Retrospective cohort | 2,097 patients aged < 50 y with MI |
| Divakaran S | 2020 | Diabetes Care | Retrospective cohort | 2,097 YOUNG-MI patients aged < 50 y with MI |
| Doughty M | 2002 | American Heart Journal | Retrospective cohort | 976 patients aged < 46, 46–54, and > 54 y with MI |
| Egiziano G | 2013 | Diabetic Medicine | Retrospective cohort | 10,619 MI survivors aged < 50 y |
| Fournier JA | 2004 | American Journal of Cardiology | Prospective cohort | 104 patients aged ≤ 40 y with MI followed for 15 y |
| Garshick | 2019 | Cardiology | Retrospective cohort | 281 (aged 50 +/– 6 y) vs 799 (aged 69 +/– 7.5 y) patients with CAD |
| Gulati R | 2020 | Mayo Clinic Proceedings | Review | N/A (see reference 3) |
| Gupta A | 2014 | Journal of the American College of Cardiology | Retrospective cohort | 230,684 patients aged 30–54 y with AMI |
| Kannel WB | 1990 | Advanced Cardiology | Prospective cohort | N/A (see reference 10) |
| McManus DD | 2011 | American Journal of Cardiology | Retrospective cohort | 1,703 patients aged 25–54 y with MI |
| Miedema MD | 2019 | JAMA Network Open | Retrospective cohort | 22,346 adults aged 30–49 y without CVD |
| Moccetti T | 2007 | Archives of Internal Medicine | Retrospective cohort | 11,483 patients aged < 50, 50–70, > 70 y with MI |
| Pineda J | 2008 | International Journal of Cardiology | Retrospective cohort | 200 patients aged < 45 y and 200 > 45 y with coronary disease |
| Schoenenberger AW | 2011 | International Journal of Cardiology | Prospective cohort | 195 patients aged < 35 y with ACS |
| Singh A | 2017 | Clinical Cardiology | Study description | N/A (see reference 20) |
| Singh A | 2018 | Journal of the American College of Cardiology | Retrospective cohort | 1,685 patients with MI |
| Singh A | 2019 | Journal of the American College of Cardiology | Retrospective cohort | 1,996 patients aged < 50 y with MI |
| Singh A | 2020 | Journal of the American College of Cardiology | Retrospective cohort | 3,829 patients aged < 50 y with MI |
| Vikulova DN | 2019 | Journal of the American Heart Association | Retrospective cohort | 12,519 patients with CAD (70% M < 50 y, 30% F < 55 y) |
| Virani SS | 2020 | Circulation | Statistical report | N/A (see reference 1) |
| Wiesbauer F | 2009 | European Heart Journal | Prospective cohort | 102 MI survivors aged ≤ 40 y |
| Wu WY | 2020 | Journal of the American College of Cardiology | Retrospective cohort | 1,724 patients aged < 50 y with MI |
| Zeitouni M | 2020 | Journal of the American College of Cardiology | Retrospective cohort | Patients aged < 55 y with MI |
| Zimmerman FH | 1995 | Journal of the American College of Cardiology | Retrospective cohort | 294 M, 210 F with Hx MI |
Figure 1
Both traditional and novel risk factors contribute to the development of premature MI in younger populations. MI: myocardial infarction.