Table 1
Requirements and recommendations for remote telerobotic ultrasound. FDA: Food and Drug administration; HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; DOF: degrees of freedom; MA: medical assistant
| REQUIREMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS | |
|---|---|
| Sonographer | State licensing required in New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Dakota, and Oregon |
| Possible credentialing at operator site, patient site, and the company that develops the technology | |
| Network | Cybersecurity in accordance with FDA guidance documents |
| HIPAA-compliant encrypted data transmission | |
| Low latency (</ = 250 ms) with minimal packet loss | |
| Video resolution of 1080P at 30 frames per second | |
| Robotic commands over low bandwidth networks (~512 Kbps) | |
| Video, imaging, and audio over high bandwidth (~5 Mbps) | |
| Robotic | Ideally 6 DOF motion to duplicate all sonographer hand motions |
| Regulated force and speed | |
| Sensors in X, Y, and Z axis | |
| Patient Site | Medical assistant (MA) present |
| Effective two-way communication with sonographer | |
| Patient, MA, and sonographer capacity to stop and withdraw the robotic arm | |
| Sonographer Site | Visual and haptic feedback |
| Ideally 6 DOF robotic control, mirroring all manual sonographer movements | |
| Control of ultrasound settings and functions |