Figure 1
Cardiovascular outcomes in individual randomized controlled trials for glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists. Relative risk reduction was only reported for statistically significant outcomes. ELIXA: The Evaluation of Lixisenatide in Acute Coronary Syndrome; LEADER: Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results; SUSTAIN-6: Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes; EXSCEL: Effects of Once-Weekly Exenatide on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes; HARMONY OUTCOMES: Albiglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease; REWIND: Dulaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes; PIONEER 6: Oral Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes; AMPLITUDE-O: Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes with Efpeglenatide in Type 2 Diabetes; MACE-3: cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction and nonfatal stroke; green highlight: statistically significant reduction in outcome; yellow highlight: no statistically significant difference in outcome or statistically significant noninferiority; red highlight: statistically significant increase in outcome
* P-value not reported.
Figure 2
Cardiovascular outcomes in individual randomized controlled trials for dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors. Relative risk reduction or relative harm was only reported for outcomes that were statistically significant. EXAMINE: Alogliptin after Acute Coronary Syndrome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes; SAVOR-TIMI 53: Saxagliptin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; TECOS: Effect of Sitagliptin on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes; CARMELINA: Effect of Linagliptin vs Placebo on Major Cardiovascular Events in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes and High Cardiovascular and Renal Risk; MACE-3: cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke; green highlight: statistically significant reduction in the outcome; yellow highlight: no statistically significant difference in outcome or statistically significant noninferiority; red highlight: statistically significant increase in outcome
Figure 3
Cardiovascular outcomes in individual randomized controlled trials for sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. Relative risk reduction was only reported for outcomes that were statistically significant. EMPA-REG OUTCOME: Empagliflozin Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients; CANVAS: Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes; DECLARE TIMI: Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes; CREDENCE: Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy; VERTIS: Cardiovascular Outcomes with Ertugliflozin in Type 2 Diabetes; MACE-3: cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke; green highlight: statistically significant reduction in the outcome; yellow highlight: no statistically significant difference in outcome or statistically significant noninferiority; red highlight: statistically significant increase in outcome.
Figure 4
A general illustration of antihyperglycemic drugs and their comparative effectiveness of cardiovascular protection.
* saxagliptin, alogliptin.
** sitagliptin, omarigliptin, linagliptin.