Fig. 1.
Stress response, modified from McEwen (1998). ACTH – adrenocorticotropin hormone; A/NA – adrenaline, noradrenaline; CORT – cortisol; CRH – corticotropin-releasing hormone.
Table 1.
Functions of external requirements in stress response based on Ratajczak (2002).
| Function | Typical features |
|---|---|
| Prevention | Prevention of threat |
| Intervention | Taking remedial measures combating effects of stressful situation |
| Positive expansion | Possibility of using opportunities that occur |
Fig. 2.
Analogies of stress response mechanism of a living organism and a city.
Fig. 3.
Four levels of strategic measures for coping with pandemic-caused effects.