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Determinants of the development of collapsed pipes on the gully bank as a result of agricultural activity_
| Natural conditions and processes | Processes | Anthropogenic conditions and processes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moisture – high susceptibility of loess to erosion | Large slopes and denivelations – gravitational force | Snowmelts, downpours slope runoff | Tillage perpendicular to the contour | Cultivation of crops that do not cover soil sufficiently |
| Disintegration of aggregates | Creeping | Sheet and rill erosion | Tillage erosion | Splash, sheet and rill erosion |
| Effect – transport of soil material and accumulation in the form of an agricultural terrace at forest edge | ||||
| Flattening of the slope – infiltration | Threshold – increase in slope | Concentration of runoff along the edge | Ploughing up of small incisions | Creation of a new forest edge |
| Piping, channel widening | Increase in gravitational force | Headcut erosion, pipes | Vulnerability to erosion of agricultural colluvia | Visual increase in the depth of the gully |
| The result – the development of a collapsed pipe with a drainage channel and a depositional cone | ||||
| Soil slides on edges | Blocking the outflow and silting up the bottom | Collapsed pipe stabilization and infilling | Cutting off the edge of the collapsed pipe and backfill | Ploughing around the collapsed pipe |
| Effect – reclamation of the form – adaptation to agricultural use | ||||
| Piping, headcut erosion | Unblocking the drain, piping | Infiltration, piping | Reduction of inflow – development of secondary forms | Accelerated collapsed pipe development |
| The result – reactivation of the collapsed pipe | ||||
Reactivation of selected collapsed pipes in the gully system of kolonia Celejów under the influence of runoff episodes from fruit plantations_
| Collapsed pipe | Role in local system | Start | Reasons for activity | Volume in m3 (approximately) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initiation | Development | 1999 | 2005, 2006 | 2009, 2013, 2015 | 2024 | |||
| Site 1 | Main form | 1996, 1997 | Longitudinal cultivation | New planted chokeberry | 270* (1940) | 106 | 240 | |
| Secondary form | 2006 | As above New planted blackcurrant | Concentrated runoff from blackcurrant plantation | – | – | 24 (2013) 36 (2015) | 95 | |
| Site 2 | Main form | 1996, 1997 | Diagonal cultivation | New planted blackcurrant plantation | 85 | 186 | ? | 240 |
| Secondary form | 2006 | Flow diversion | As above | – | 27 | 50 | 114 | |
| Site 3 | Main form | 1996, 1997 | Longitudinal cultivation New planted blackcurrant | Continuous blackcurrant seedlings plantation | 45 | ? | ? | 912 |
| Sites 1–3 | Differentiated | 1996– 2006 | New fruit plantation | Shrub rows parallel to slope | – | – | – | – |