Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Summary of the basic morphometric and meteorological parameters of the selected catchments_
| Lake location near the glacier | Catchment area | Glacier area | Annual temperature | Annual precipitation | Altitude min-max | Glacier retreat |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [km2] | [°C] | [mm] | [m a.s.l.] | [m · a−1] | ||
| Gåsbreen | 30.77 | 12.59 | −4.0 Osuch, Wawrzyniak (2017) | 432.9 Błaszczyk et al. (2019) | 18–1388 | 18 |
| Crammerbreen | 9.47 | 5.5 | −2.5 Repelewska-Pękalowa et al. (2013) | 32.4 Mędrek et al. (2014) | 55–820 | 11 |
| Knivseggbreen and Neppebreen | 6.30 | 2.87 | −6.9 | 200–400 | 51–716 | 4 |
| Ragnarbreen | 18.22 | 9.39 | >0 Rachlewicz, Styszyńska (2007) | 189.1 Bednorz, Jakielczyk (2014) | 86–939 | 9 |
Comparison of glacial lake outburst flood type, area, and volume for glacial lakes in each watershed_
| Classification | Unit | Knivseggbreen | Nepebreen | Crammerbreen | Goësvatnet | Ragnarbreen |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frontal morainedammed lake | Frontal morainedammed lake | Medial-moraine dammed lake | Ice-dammed lake | Frontal morainedammed lake | ||
| Biggest recorded area (date) | [m2] | 115,166 (2015) | 206,859 (2022) | 418,292 (2019) | 930,000 (1938) | 546,743 (2023) |
| Area before GLOF | [m2] | 49,388 | 197,264 | 418,292 | 370,000 | – |
| Area after GLOF | [m2] | 0 | 145,741 | 197,395 | 50,000 | – |
| Estimated GLOF volume | [m3] | 666,389 | ND | 4,624,892 | 7,391,392 | – |