Identification of River Valley Areas Threatening the Chemical Status of Groundwater, in the Example of the Upper Course of the Ner River Basin, Central Poland

Krogulec, Ewa; Małecki, Jerzy J.; Szostakiewicz-Hołownia, Marzena; Trzeciak, Joanna; Zabłocki, Sebastian; Ziułkiewicz, Maciej

doi:10.14746/quageo-2024-0024

Figures & Tables

Hydrogeological cross-section (line of cross-sections shown in Fig. 1).

The extent of the depression cone in the Quaternary aquifers of the Łódź agglomeration as a part of Main Groundwater Reservoir No. 401 (Rodzoch et al. 2013).

Groundwater table of the Quaternary and Upper Cretaceous aquifers in the area of modelling studies.

Hydrogeological cross-sections (lines of cross-sections shown in Fig. 1, explanations to cross-sections shown in Fig. 2).

Observations of the groundwater table level during pumping in the C, E and H wells.

Model structure and boundary conditions: RIVER (blue), WELL (brown), DRAIN (purple), general head boundary (green), 3D view from the south, exaggeration of the vertical scale · 10.

Layout of the stream line on the way of water inflow to the Ignacew-intake wells as a result of model research.

Head difference between the Quaternary and the Upper Cretaceous aquifers as a result of flow modelling in conditions of: A – average head without withdrawal; B – average head with actual withdrawal from the POBORY database.

Chemical composition of the tested water presented on the Piper diagram.

Chemistry map of groundwater and river and alluvial waters in the H and E profiles (colors consistent with Fig. 11).

Cumulative concentration curves of selected microelements in water (n = 14).

Contents of elements in the sediments of the Ner River (values greater than the average are marked in red)*_

Concentration		Sampling site									Łódź Agglomeration
Element	Unit	H1	H2	H3	E1	E2	E3	C1	C2	C3	max–min (average)**
Ag	ppm	0.38	1.77	0.76	0.48	0.62	0.28	nd	nd	nd	<1–198 (<1)
Al	%	0.02	0.06	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	<0.01–3.74 (0.21)
As	ppm	0.66	2.16	1.84	0.77	1.06	0.61	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<5–906 (<5)
Ba	ppm	10.08	40.2	8.02	12.96	12.44	5.98	5.92	7.95	7.27	3–484 (42)
Bi	ppm	200	640	76	280	300	66	0.1	<0.1	0.07	nd
Pb	ppm	9.6	40	5.68	11.4	13.26	4.72	2.93	2.12	3.88	<5–10 200 (15)
Br	ppm	56	58	54	66	44	66	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	nd
Cd	ppm	1.45	1.09	0.64	0.69	1.14	1.19	0.3	0.27	0.42	<0.5–59.6 (0.6)
Ca	%	0.1	0.61	0.05	0.1	0.1	0.06	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.02–16.90 (0.42)
Cr	ppm	27.6	69.6	47.4	32	42.8	36	19.56	18.7	20.2	<1–977 (5)
Co	ppm	0.66	0.68	0.46	0.66	0.72	0.37	0.45	0.29	0.27	<1–46 (2)
Fe	%	0.08	0.22	0.09	0.06	0.08	0.06	0.03	0.07	0.03	0.03–11.80 (0.45)
K	ppm	29	32.4	23	33.2	28.8	18.84	12.51	9.91	12.3	nd
Cu	ppm	10.42	38.6	11.12	14.58	18.68	8.66	5.69	4.62	6.85	<1–1720 (9)
Mg	%	0.01	0.02	<0.01	0.01	0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01–0.92 (0.06)
Mn	ppm	23.2	40.8	4.84	11.02	7.2	6.58	4.73	69.64	5.58	4–2 896 (129)
Mo	ppm	<0.1	0.12	0.3	0.3	0.23	0.12	0.03	<0.1	0	nd
Na	ppm	33.4	48.4	33.6	62.2	36.2	26.2	16.13	16.99	13.29	nd
Ni	ppm	1.4	2.5	1.83	1.63	2.06	0.68	0.96	0.6	0.55	<1–345 (4)
Hg	ppm	0.25	0.74	0.39	0.4	0.45	0.26	nd	nd	nd	<0.05–20.50 (0.06)
Sr	ppm	2.92	14.78	3.84	2.9	2.72	1.36	1.29	2.78	1.58	<1–269 (13)
Ti	ppm	6.56	13.18	3.36	6.26	6.98	3	1.88	1.3	2.67	4–528 (30)
V	ppm	0.9	2.24	0.9	0.95	1.07	0.75	0.32	0.06	0.41	<1–77 (5)
W	ppm	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	nd
Zn	ppm	58.4	460	89	89.8	132.2	50.2	39.98	34.08	48.57	4–84 900 (64)
Sn	ppm	1.37	6.32	0.8	1.65	1.51	0.54	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	nd

Discharge rate and the depression size for the Ignacew-intake wells_

Well no./ No. According to the Central Hydrogeological Database	Aquifer and its screened part	Exploitable / actual discharge rate	Depression size
	Aquifer and its screened part	[m³ · d⁻¹]	[m]
A1 / 6270670	Cr₃₋1 (upper part)	3871.2 / 3360.0	20.1
A2 / 6270689	Cr₃₋1, Cr₃₋2 (upper and central part)	3508.8 / 3120.0	21.4
A3 / 6270681	Cr₃₋1, Cr₃₋2 (upper and central part)	2805.6 / 2520.0	20.7

Physicochemical properties of the tested water_

Parameter	Units	River water		Water from alluvium									Groundwater			Drinking water*
Parameter	Units	Hr	Er	H1	H2	H3	C1	C2	C3	E1	E2	E3	Q	Ng	Cr₃	Drinking water*
EC	mikroS/cm	1229	1307	479	469	727	681	737	567	745	875	1070	649	676	376	2500
TDS	mg/ dm³	836.6	898.9	332.7	351.17	604.7	498.5	548.9	412.3	548.8	740.9	651.2	503.3	524.7	309.8
Water type		HCO₃-Cl-Ca-Na	Cl-HCO₃-Na-Ca	HCO₃-Cl-SO₄-Ca	HCO₃-Ca	HCO₃-SO₄-Ca	SO₄-HCO₃-Ca	HCO₃-Ca	HCO₃-SO₄-Ca	HCO₃-Cl-Ca	HCO₃-Ca-Na	HCO₃-Ca	HCO₃-SO₄-Ca	HCO₃-Ca-Na	HCO₃-Ca
pH		7.3	6.46	6.5	7	6.89	6.73	7.13	6.59	6.93	6.71	7.11	7.32	7.2	7.45	6.5-9.5
Temp.	st.C	15.1	16.1	15.2	15.6	15.8	16.5	16.9	16.4	15.4	15.4	16.3	15.4	11.3	11.5
Eh	mV	132	−28	−50.1	−116	−66.8	−7.8	−84	−58.6	−63	−56.5	−55	125	−53.5	−66.7
O₂	mg/ dm³	3.13	4.04	1.6	0.72	1.45	1.71	1.93	1.28	1.85	1.34	1.54	1.44	0.09	0.09
SO₄^2-	mg/ dm³	105	115	55	40	125	155	50	100	75	90	60	100	19	8	250
Cl-	mg/ dm³	152.93	192.85	51.69	16.59	13.83	24.96	33.25	24.74	60.97	51.33	101.39	24.04	40.63	5.25	250
NO₃⁻	mg/ dm³	21.83	26.54	7.7	8.56	4.28	22.68	8.13	4.28	5.14	3.85	3.42	5.99	3.42	3.85	50
NH₄⁺	mg/ dm³	2.02	2.24	2.07	0.97	0.45	0.15	2.6	1.83	0.5	2.2	3.84	0.01	0.86	0.36	0.5
PO₄^3-	mg/ dm³	2.9	2.75	0.08	0.48	0.1	0.12	5.6	0.52	0.33	0.06	0.88	0.08	0.06	0.08
Al	mg/ dm³	0.009	0.051	<0,05	0.074	<0,05	0.022	0.002	0.029	0.003	0.069	0.079	<0,05	<0.001	<0,05	0.2
As	mg/ dm³	<0.001	<0,003	0.026	0.006	0.003	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.015	<0,003	<0,003	<0,003	<0.001	<0,003	0.01
Ba	mg/ dm³	0.05	0.06	0.05	0.09	0.24	0.12	0.05	0.14	0.03	0.24	0.12	0.04	0.16	0.06
Be	mg/ dm³	nd	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	nd	nd	nd	nd	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	nd	<0.005
Bi	mg/ dm³	<0.005	0.09	<0.005	0.1	0.07	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	0.04	0.06	<0.005	<0.005
Pb	mg/ dm³	<0.001	0.003	0.002	0.006	0.002	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.013	0.003	0.004	0.002	<0.001	0.002	0.01
Br	mg/ dm³	nd	<1	<1	<1	<1	nd	nd	nd	nd	<1	<1	<1	nd	<1
Cd	mg/dm³	0.0080	0.0008	0.0017	0.0028	0.0069	0.0013	0.0009	0.0011	0.0175	0.0016	0.0012	0.0024	0.0005	0.0008	0.005
Ca	mg/ dm³	104.57	101	56.7	70.3	133	102.44	99.35	83.01	95.23	123	122	100	75.29	62.2
Cr	mg/ dm³	0.005	<0.005	<0.005	0.01	<0.005	0.005	0.005	0.007	0.006	<0.005	0.005	<0.005	0.002	<0.005	0.05
Co	mg/ dm³	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005
Fe	mg/ dm³	0.04	0.36	3.34	5.26	4.17	1.39	3.19	4.54	0.1	0.75	5.14	<0.02	0.67	0.64	0.2
K	mg/ dm³	14.43	17.6	4.75	2.48	9.34	7.16	3.94	3.39	3.76	13.1	3.07	1.32	4.16	2.52
Cu	mg/ dm³	0.001	<0.005	<0.005	0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.005	2
Mg	mg/ dm³	10.64	10.5	5.3	5.43	14.3	9.18	12.76	8.83	7.9	12	11.7	11.9	7.98	6.24	7-125
Mn	mg/ dm³	0.113	0.122	0.361	0.51	0.296	0.32	0.384	0.542	0.002	0.257	0.749	0.088	0.042	0.036	0.05
Mo	mg/ dm³	<0.001	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.01	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.005
Na	mg/ dm³	119.29	125	16	7.76	23.2	15.23	26.2	15.62	28.76	72.9	9.52	12.1	48.37	4.94	200
Ni	mg/ dm³	0.009	0.014	0.006	<0.005	<0.005	0.006	0.001	0.005	0.007	0.006	<0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.005	0.02
Hg	mg/ dm³	nd	0.0017	0.0004	0.0039	0.0004	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.0003	0.0002	0.0013	nd	0.0001	0.001
Ag	mg/ dm³	nd	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	nd	nd	nd	nd	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	nd	<0.005	0.01
Si	mg/ dm³	4.7	7.76	7.46	7.38	5.15	3.43	6.16	6.89	3.39	8.52	6.11	4.51	8.14	12.6
Sr	mg/ dm³	0.33	0.4	0.22	0.18	0.43	0.36	0.67	0.37	0.17	1.19	0.33	0.18	2.02	1.38
Ti	mg/ dm³	<0.001	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.005
V	mg/ dm³	0.05	<0.004	<0.004	<0.004	<0.004	0.04	0.05	0.04	0.04	<0.004	<0.004	<0.004	0.03	<0.004
W	mg/ dm³	<0.001	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.02	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.005
Zn	mg/ dm³	0.06	0.09	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.08	0.05	0.03	0.02	0.05	0.06	0.09	<0.001	0.02
Sn	mg/ dm³	<0.001	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.001	<0.005

Basic information about C, E and H pumping wells and observation wells_

Pumping and observation wells	Well name	Well depth	Aquifer stratigraphy	Aquifer lithology	Piezometric water table	Water table
Pumping and observation wells	Well name	[m]	Aquifer stratigraphy	Aquifer lithology	[m b.g.l.]
C	C pumping well	30	Cr₃	limestones	−1.50	13.50
	P-1 observation well	nd	Q	nd	0.59	0.59
	1 observation well	14	Q	sands and gravels	0.90	0.90
	P-2 observation well	nd	Q	nd	0.95	0.95
E	E pumping well	35	Cr₃	limestones	0.86	0.86
	P-5 observation well	17	Q	sands of different granulation	1.46	1.46
	P-6 observation well	18	Q	sands of different granulation	0.91	0.91
	P-7 observation well	18	Q	sands of different granulation	2.30	2.30
H	H pumping well	70	Cr₃	limestones	−4.00	53.50
	P-10 observation well	22	Q	sands and gravels	0.40	0.40
	P-11 observation well	12	Q	sands and gravels	1.00	1.00
	P-15 observation well	18	Q	sands and gravels	1.80	1.80

Percentage contribution of the speciation of selected elements_

Speciation	River water*	Water from alluvium*	Quaternary aquifer (ZP2 well)	Upper Cretaceous (A2 well)	Speciation	River water*	Water from alluvium*	Quaternary aquifer (ZP2 well)	Upper Cretaceous (A2 well)
Carbon					Magnesium
HCO₃⁻	71.4	70.1	87.1	89.6	Mg²⁺	92.9	91.5	91.8	97.0
CO_2(aq)	26.5	27.5	10.3	8.5	MgSO₄	4.9	5.6	5.8	0.6
CaHCO₃⁺	1.7	1.6	2.0	1.5	MgHCO₃⁺	2.0	2.1	2.3	2.3
MgHCO₃⁺	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	MgCl⁺	0.1	0.5	0.1	0.0
NaHCO₃	0.1	0.5	0.1	0.0		MgHPO₄	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.0
CaCO₃	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	MgCO₃	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1
CO₃^2-	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1	Bismuth
Chlorides					Bi(OH)_3(aq)	94.5	93.3	98.3	98.7
Cl-	99.1	99.1	99.1	99.2	Bi(OH)₂⁺	5.5	6.7	1.7	1.3
CaCl⁺	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.7	Cadmium
Sulfur					Cd²⁺	83.1	70.2	82.5	89.6
SO₄^2-	81.1	81.8	80.7	84.8	CdCl⁺	5.7	18.4	3.3	0.9
CaSO₄	16.3	14.6	16.4	13.3	CdSO_4(aq)	5.2	4.9	6.2	0.7
MgSO₄	2.2	2.1	2.7	1.8	CdHCO₃⁺	4.1	3.6	4.7	4.6
NaSO₄⁻	0.3	1.3	0.1	0.1	CdCO_3(aq)	1.1	1.4	3.1	4.1
KSO₄⁻	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.0	CdHPO_4(aq)	0.6	1.1	0.1	0.1
NH₄SO₄⁻	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	Cd(SO₄)₂^2-	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sodium					CdCl_2(aq)	0.0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Na⁺	99.4	99.3	99.3	99.5	CdNO₃⁺	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0
NaHCO₃	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.5	Copper
NaSO₄⁻	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.0	Cu²⁺	68.0	64.8	44.9	46.2
Potassium					CuOH⁺	30.7	32.1	55.0	53.5
K⁺	99.7	99.6	99.6	100.0	CuHPO₄	1.0	2.6	0.1	0.1
KSO₄⁻	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.0	CuNH3²⁺	0.2	0.3	0.0	0.1
Calcium					CuCl⁺	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Ca²⁺	90.6	88.3	89.3	95.5	Chrome
CaSO₄	5.8	6.5	6.9	0.7	CrO₄^2-	73.0	72.7	89.6	91.5
CaHCO₃⁺	2.9	3.0	3.3	3.4	HCrO₄⁻	27.0	27.3	10.4	8.5
CaCl⁺	0.4	1.7	0.3	0.1	Mercury
CaCO₃	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.3	HgCl₂	85.5	57.3	91.4	97.9
CaHPO₄	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.0	HgCl₃⁻	14.5	42.7	8.6	2.1
CaNO₃⁺	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.0	Lead
					PbCO₃	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Results of calculations of the filtration parameters of the Upper Cretaceous aquifer based on pumping of the H, C and E wells_

Well	Pumping type	Pumping stage	Discharge rate Q	Stabilized depression s	Conductivity k	Average conductivity k	Depression cone radius during pumping test	Permissible discharge rate Q max
			[m³ · h⁻¹]	[m]	[m · s⁻¹]	[m · s⁻¹]	[m]	[m³ · h⁻¹]
H	one stage	1	39.5	35.73		1.19 · 10⁻⁵	370.1	7
C	one stage	1	100.0	5.63		3.58 · 10⁻⁴	320.0	41
E	three stages	1	24.7	6.80	8.16 · 10⁻⁵	5.53 · 10⁻⁵	168.0	11
		2	40.4	14.90	5.05 · 10⁻⁵		376.0
		3	51.6	24.30	3.37 · 10⁻⁵		612.0

The cation exchange capacity (CEC) estimated by the Breeuwsma formula and sorption capacity determined by the Kappen method_

Sample no.	TOC content	Particle content below 2 μm	CEC	Hydrolytic acidity	BEC	Total sorption capacity
Sample no.	[%]		[cmol₍₊₎ · kg⁻¹]	[cmol_(H+) · kg⁻¹]	[cmol₍₊₎ · kg⁻¹]
H1	0.69	0.00	2.40	0.6	0	0.6
H2	1.30	0.00	4.56	0.68	10	10.68
H3	0.23	0.00	0.81	0.45	0	0.45
E1	1.36	0.00	4.76	1.73	0	1.73
E2	0.72	0.00	2.52	3.23	0	3.23
E3	0.61	0.00	2.13	2.03	0	2.03
C1	0.60	0.00	2.10	0.6	0	0.6
C2	0.19	0.00	0.66	0.45	0	0.45
C3	0.31	0.00	1.09	0.83	0	0.83

Identification of River Valley Areas Threatening the Chemical Status of Groundwater, in the Example of the Upper Course of the Ner River Basin, Central Poland

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

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Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 11.

Fig. 12.

Fig. 13.

Contents of elements in the sediments of the Ner River (values greater than the average are marked in red)*_

Discharge rate and the depression size for the Ignacew-intake wells_

Physicochemical properties of the tested water_

Basic information about C, E and H pumping wells and observation wells_

Percentage contribution of the speciation of selected elements_

Results of calculations of the filtration parameters of the Upper Cretaceous aquifer based on pumping of the H, C and E wells_

The cation exchange capacity (CEC) estimated by the Breeuwsma formula and sorption capacity determined by the Kappen method_

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