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Social and Geographical Distribution of Mobility-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Poznań and Tri-City Functional Urban Areas Cover

Social and Geographical Distribution of Mobility-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Poznań and Tri-City Functional Urban Areas

Quaestiones Geographicae
Volume 43 (2024): Issue 1 (March 2024)
By: Michał Czepkiewicz,  Cezary Brudka,  Dawid Krysiński and  Filip Schmidt  
Open Access
|Feb 2024

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Spatial extent of the study areas: the Tri-city and Poznań functional areas and their core cities, population density distribution, and locations of the main city centres.
Spatial extent of the study areas: the Tri-city and Poznań functional areas and their core cities, population density distribution, and locations of the main city centres.

Fig. 2.

Short-distance travel CO2 emissions in Poznań and the Tri-city areas by travel mode. The box area represents the average yearly emission level.
Short-distance travel CO2 emissions in Poznań and the Tri-city areas by travel mode. The box area represents the average yearly emission level.

Fig. 3.

Long-distance travel GHG emissions in Poznań and the Tri-city area by mode. Box area represents average yearly emission levels. Non-CO2 effects of air travel are marked with dotted areas.
Long-distance travel GHG emissions in Poznań and the Tri-city area by mode. Box area represents average yearly emission levels. Non-CO2 effects of air travel are marked with dotted areas.

Fig. 4.

Lorenz curve of emission levels in long-distance travel and short-distance travel.
Lorenz curve of emission levels in long-distance travel and short-distance travel.

Fig. 5.

CO2 emissions from short-distance (top, green, N = 3699, ρ = -0.41, p < 0.001) and long-distance travel (bottom, blue, N = 3746, ρ = -0.34, p < 0.001) in 5-year age groups in the whole sample.
CO2 emissions from short-distance (top, green, N = 3699, ρ = -0.41, p < 0.001) and long-distance travel (bottom, blue, N = 3746, ρ = -0.34, p < 0.001) in 5-year age groups in the whole sample.

Fig. 6.

CO2 emissions from short-distance travel (top, green, N = 3703, ρ = 0.26, p < 0.001) and ling-distance travel (bottom, blue, N = 3750, ρ = 0.30, p < 0.001) in respondents’ education level in the whole sample.
CO2 emissions from short-distance travel (top, green, N = 3703, ρ = 0.26, p < 0.001) and ling-distance travel (bottom, blue, N = 3750, ρ = 0.30, p < 0.001) in respondents’ education level in the whole sample.

Fig. 7.

SDT and LDT emissions and distance from the residential location to the closest city centre in the Tri-city (SDT: N = 1897, ρ = 0.17, p < 0.001 and LDT: N = 1914, ρ insignificant, p > 0.05) and Poznań (SDT: N = 1799, ρ = 0.23, p < 0.001 and LDT: N = 1800, ρ = -0.11, p < 0.001) areas.
SDT and LDT emissions and distance from the residential location to the closest city centre in the Tri-city (SDT: N = 1897, ρ = 0.17, p < 0.001 and LDT: N = 1914, ρ insignificant, p > 0.05) and Poznań (SDT: N = 1799, ρ = 0.23, p < 0.001 and LDT: N = 1800, ρ = -0.11, p < 0.001) areas.

Fig. 8.

Hot and cold spots of SDT and LDT emissions in the Poznań area and Tricity area were calculated with Getis-Ord Gi* method with a 2000 m distance band.
Hot and cold spots of SDT and LDT emissions in the Poznań area and Tricity area were calculated with Getis-Ord Gi* method with a 2000 m distance band.

Fig. A1.

CO2 emissions from short-distance travel in main gender groups (N = 3699, ρ = -0.15, p < 0.001).
CO2 emissions from short-distance travel in main gender groups (N = 3699, ρ = -0.15, p < 0.001).

Fig. A2.

CO2 emissions from long-distance travel in main gender groups (N = 3746, ρ insignificant, p > 0.05).
CO2 emissions from long-distance travel in main gender groups (N = 3746, ρ insignificant, p > 0.05).

Global Moran’s I of emission levels_

Study areaTravel scopeMoran’s IPseudo p-valueN
Tri-cityShort-distance0.0640.0011978
Long-distance (all)0.0100.0391917
Long-distance (air)0.0140.0161917
PoznańShort-distance0.1260.0011824
Long-distance (all)0.0920.0011800
Long-distance (air)0.0650.0011800

Spearman correlation coefficients (ρ) between built environment characteristics and emissions from long- and short-distance travel_

Travel scopeAreaDistance to the closest city centrePopulation densityBasic service densityStreet intersection density
Short-distance travel emissionsPoznań0.23-0.25-0.28-0.24
Tri-city0.17-0.10-0.20-0.17
Long-distance travel emissionsPoznań-0.100.090.070.09
Tri-city-0.030.030.010.02

Estimation of yearly travel frequency based on survey answers_

Answer optionsYearly trip number
Less than once a month10
1-3 times a month24
1-2 times a week72
3-4 times a week168
5 times a week or more240

Estimation of trip distance based on distance bands_

Distance band [km]Numeric value
50-200125
201-500350
501-1000750
1001-30002000
>30004000

Emission factors for short-distance travel modes_

Travel modeVehicle typeEmission coefficientFuel useFuel WTW carbon intensityElectric energy useElectric energy carbon intensityAverage load
[kg CO2 · Pkm-1][1.·100 km-1Source[kg CO2·1-1]Source[kWh·100 km-1]Source[kg CO2·kWh-1]Source[Pax]SourceAssumptions
Private carGasoline ICEV0.1647.16Survey average weight-ed by travel distance3.016(Prussi et al. 2020) 1.64Survey answers
Diesel ICEV0.1977.08 3.484
LPG ICEV0.1167.64 1.876
HEV0.1456.65 3.016
PHEV0.1426.68 3.016 18.2Survey average weight-ed by travel distance0.792(KO-BiZE 2022), adjusted using Scarlat et al. (2022) method Share of electric drive: 50%
BEV0.092 17.3 0.792
Weighted average0.169 Weighted by travel distance
Tram or busDiesel bus0.08142MPK3.484(Prussi et al. 2020) 18MPKShare of electric buses in bus perfor-mance: 8% Share of buses in transport perfor-mance: 50%
Electric bus0.067 152MPK0.792 MPK
Tram0.064 289(Krych 2019)0.792 36(Krych 2019)
Weighted average0.072
Urban trainUrban train (Poznań)0.084 740(Jakubowski et al. 2018, 2016)0.792 70UTKEN57 train Average load from KW and Polregio
Urban train (Tri-city)0.039 740 0.792 150UTKEN57 train average load in SKM and PKM
E-bike or e-scooterE-bike0.005 0.6(Weiss et al. 2020)0.792 1 Share of e-bikes: 50%
E-scooter0.011 1.4 0.792 1
Weighted average0.008

Emission factors for long-distance travel modes (data of the UTK 2023 for Polregio and PKP Intercity railway carriers)_

Travel modeVehicle typeDistance band(s)CO2 emission coefficientnon-CO2 emission coefficientAverage load or utility factorOther assumptions and sources
[kg CO2 · Pkm-1][kg CO2 · vkm-1]Source[kg CO2eq · pkm-1]RFI factor[pax][%]Source
CarAll0.1240.223(IEA 2023)NA1.8NA
TrainAverage50-200 km0.068 Own estimation based on fuel and energy consumption in commonly used trains 73 UTK - Polregio75% share in performance, EN57
Diesel 0.0315.859 25% share in performance; railcar - 65.8 l/100 km of diesel fuel
Electric 0.0802.294 Polish electricity, KOBiZE (2022) adjusted with Scarlat et al. (2022) method
Electric201-1000 km0.05311.084 209 UTK - PKP Intercity
Electric>1001 km0.0224.676 European electric-ity (Scarlat et al., 2022)
Ferry50-200 km0.415 (Czepkiewicz et al. 2018c)
>200 km0.238
Bus50-1000 km0.073 (Mantzos et al. 2018)
>1001 km0.067 (Doll et al. 2020)
Plane50-200 km0.699 Own estima-tions based on Knorr and Huttermann (2016)0.0001.0 71 Fuel use per seat-km from Knorr and Huttermann (2016) Kerosene WTW emissions from Jing et al. (2022)
201-500 km0.348 0.0001.0 71
501-1000 km0.209 0.1191.6 75
1001-3000 km0.151 0.1432.0 75
>3000 km0.133 0.2132.8 80
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2024-0014 | Journal eISSN: 2081-6383 | Journal ISSN: 2082-2103
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 235 - 255
Submitted on: Aug 1, 2023
Published on: Feb 27, 2024
Published by: Adam Mickiewicz University
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
travel behaviour,
greenhouse gas emissions,
residential location,
spatial analysis,
long-distance travel,
short-distance travel
Related subjects:
Geosciences,
Geography

© 2024 Michał Czepkiewicz, Cezary Brudka, Dawid Krysiński, Filip Schmidt, published by Adam Mickiewicz University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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