Social and Geographical Distribution of Mobility-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Poznań and Tri-City Functional Urban Areas

Michał Czepkiewicz; Cezary Brudka; Dawid Krysiński; Filip Schmidt

doi:10.14746/quageo-2024-0014

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Social and Geographical Distribution of Mobility-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Poznań and Tri-City Functional Urban Areas

Quaestiones Geographicae

Volume 43 (2024): Issue 1 (March 2024)

By: Michał Czepkiewicz , Cezary Brudka , Dawid Krysiński and Filip Schmidt

Open Access

|Feb 2024

Figures & Tables

Spatial extent of the study areas: the Tri-city and Poznań functional areas and their core cities, population density distribution, and locations of the main city centres.

Short-distance travel CO₂ emissions in Poznań and the Tri-city areas by travel mode. The box area represents the average yearly emission level.

Long-distance travel GHG emissions in Poznań and the Tri-city area by mode. Box area represents average yearly emission levels. Non-CO₂ effects of air travel are marked with dotted areas.

Lorenz curve of emission levels in long-distance travel and short-distance travel.

CO₂ emissions from short-distance (top, green, N = 3699, ρ = -0.41, p < 0.001) and long-distance travel (bottom, blue, N = 3746, ρ = -0.34, p < 0.001) in 5-year age groups in the whole sample.

CO₂ emissions from short-distance travel (top, green, N = 3703, ρ = 0.26, *p <* 0.001) and ling-distance travel (bottom, blue, N = 3750, ρ = 0.30, p < 0.001) in respondents’ education level in the whole sample.

SDT and LDT emissions and distance from the residential location to the closest city centre in the Tri-city (SDT: N = 1897, ρ = 0.17, p < 0.001 and LDT: N = 1914, ρ insignificant, p > 0.05) and Poznań (SDT: N = 1799, ρ = 0.23, p < 0.001 and LDT: N = 1800, ρ = -0.11, p < 0.001) areas.

Table 1.

Global Moran’s I of emission levels.

Study area	Travel scope	Moran’s I	Pseudo p-value	N
Tri-city	Short-distance	0.064	0.001	1978
	Long-distance (all)	0.010	0.039	1917
	Long-distance (air)	0.014	0.016	1917
Poznań	Short-distance	0.126	0.001	1824
	Long-distance (all)	0.092	0.001	1800
	Long-distance (air)	0.065	0.001	1800

Hot and cold spots of SDT and LDT emissions in the Poznań area and Tricity area were calculated with Getis-Ord Gi* method with a 2000 m distance band.

Table 2.

Spearman correlation coefficients (ρ) between built environment characteristics and emissions from long- and short-distance travel.

Travel scope	Area	Distance to the closest city centre	Population density	Basic service density	Street intersection density
Short-distance travel emissions	Poznań	0.23	-0.25	-0.28	-0.24
Short-distance travel emissions	Tri-city	0.17	-0.10	-0.20	-0.17
Long-distance travel emissions	Poznań	-0.10	0.09	0.07	0.09
Long-distance travel emissions	Tri-city	-0.03	0.03	0.01	0.02

Table A1.

Estimation of yearly travel frequency based on survey answers.

Answer options	Yearly trip number
Less than once a month	10
1-3 times a month	24
1-2 times a week	72
3-4 times a week	168
5 times a week or more	240

Table A2.

Estimation of trip distance based on distance bands.

Distance band [km]	Numeric value
50-200	125
201-500	350
501-1000	750
1001-3000	2000
>3000	4000

CO₂ emissions from short-distance travel in main gender groups (N = 3699, ρ = -0.15, p < 0.001).

CO₂ emissions from long-distance travel in main gender groups (N = 3746, ρ insignificant, p > 0.05).

Table A3.

Emission factors for short-distance travel modes.

Travel mode	Vehicle type	Emission coefficient	Fuel use		Fuel WTW carbon intensity		Electric energy use		Electric energy carbon intensity		Average load
Travel mode	Vehicle type	[kg CO₂ · Pkm^-1]	[1.·100 km^-1	Source	[kg CO₂·1^-1]	Source	[kWh·100 km^-1]	Source	[kg CO₂·kWh^-1]	Source	[Pax]	Source	Assumptions
Private car	Gasoline ICEV	0.164	7.16	Survey average weight-ed by travel distance	3.016	(Prussi et al. 2020)					1.64	Survey answers
	Diesel ICEV	0.197	7.08		3.484
	LPG ICEV	0.116	7.64		1.876
	HEV	0.145	6.65		3.016
	PHEV	0.142	6.68		3.016		18.2	Survey average weight-ed by travel distance	0.792	(KO-BiZE 2022), adjusted using Scarlat et al. (2022) method			Share of electric drive: 50%
	BEV	0.092					17.3		0.792
	Weighted average	0.169										Weighted by travel distance
Tram or bus	Diesel bus	0.081	42	MPK	3.484	(Prussi et al. 2020)					18	MPK	Share of electric buses in bus perfor-mance: 8% Share of buses in transport perfor-mance: 50%
	Electric bus	0.067					152	MPK	0.792			MPK
	Tram	0.064					289	(Krych 2019)	0.792		36	(Krych 2019)
	Weighted average	0.072
Urban train	Urban train (Poznań)	0.084					740	(Jakubowski et al. 2018, 2016)	0.792		70	UTK	EN57 train Average load from KW and Polregio
Urban train	Urban train (Tri-city)	0.039					740		0.792		150	UTK	EN57 train average load in SKM and PKM
E-bike or e-scooter	E-bike	0.005					0.6	(Weiss et al. 2020)	0.792		1		Share of e-bikes: 50%
	E-scooter	0.011					1.4		0.792		1
	Weighted average	0.008

1 MPK - own calculations based on 2021 operational data provided by Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne w Poznańiu (unpublished).

UTK - own calculations based on 2022 operational data published by Urząd Transportu Kolejowego (UTK, 2023).

KW - Koleje Wielkopolskie.

SKM - Szybka Kolej Miejska w Trójmieście.

PKM - Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna.

Table A4.

Emission factors for long-distance travel modes (data of the UTK 2023 for Polregio and PKP Intercity railway carriers).

Travel mode	Vehicle type	Distance band(s)	CO₂ emission coefficient			non-CO₂ emission coefficient		Average load or utility factor			Other assumptions and sources
Travel mode	Vehicle type	Distance band(s)	[kg CO₂ · Pkm^-1]	[kg CO₂ · vkm^-1]	Source	[kg CO₂eq · pkm^-1]	RFI factor	[pax]	[%]	Source	Other assumptions and sources
Car		All	0.124	0.223	(IEA 2023)	NA		1.8	NA
Train	Average	50-200 km	0.068		Own estimation based on fuel and energy consumption in commonly used trains			73		UTK - Polregio	75% share in performance, EN57
	Diesel		0.031	5.859							25% share in performance; railcar - 65.8 l/100 km of diesel fuel
	Electric		0.080	2.294							Polish electricity, KOBiZE (2022) adjusted with Scarlat et al. (2022) method
	Electric	201-1000 km	0.053	11.084				209		UTK - PKP Intercity
	Electric	>1001 km	0.022	4.676							European electric-ity (Scarlat et al., 2022)
Ferry		50-200 km	0.415		(Czepkiewicz et al. 2018c)
Ferry		>200 km	0.238
Bus		50-1000 km	0.073		(Mantzos et al. 2018)
Bus		>1001 km	0.067		(Doll et al. 2020)
Plane		50-200 km	0.699		Own estima-tions based on Knorr and Huttermann (2016)	0.000	1.0		71		Fuel use per seat-km from Knorr and Huttermann (2016) Kerosene WTW emissions from Jing et al. (2022)
		201-500 km	0.348			0.000	1.0		71
		501-1000 km	0.209			0.119	1.6		75
		1001-3000 km	0.151			0.143	2.0		75
		>3000 km	0.133			0.213	2.8		80

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2024-0014 | Journal eISSN: 2081-6383 | Journal ISSN: 2082-2103 (formerly 0137-477X)

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Language: English

Page range: 235 - 255

Submitted on: Aug 1, 2023

Published on: Feb 27, 2024

Published by: Adam Mickiewicz University

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

travel behaviour,

greenhouse gas emissions,

residential location,

spatial analysis,

long-distance travel,

short-distance travel

Related subjects:

Geosciences,

Geography

© 2024 Michał Czepkiewicz, Cezary Brudka, Dawid Krysiński, Filip Schmidt, published by Adam Mickiewicz University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 43 (2024): Issue 1 (March 2024)

Social and Geographical Distribution of Mobility-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Poznań and Tri-City Functional Urban Areas

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Table 1.

Fig. 8.

Table 2.

Table A1.

Table A2.

Fig. A1.

Fig. A2.

Table A3.

Table A4.

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