Fig 1.
Localisation of study area: Asb. – Asbestodden, Rein. – Reinholmen, Ruby. – Rubypynten. The orange rectangles denote the location of study areas 1–9. Background: Satellite image, 25 August 2020, Planet Labs, Inc.
Table 1.
Archival data sources used in the study.
| Year | Source | Type | Resolution |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1936 | S36. Norwegian Polar Institute | Oblique aerial images | 3/5 m |
| 1948 | S48. Norwegian Polar Institute | Vertical aerial image, orthophotomap | 3/5 m |
| 1960 | S60. Norwegian Polar Institute | Vertical aerial image, orthophotomap | 3/5 m |
| 1990 | S90. Norwegian Polar Institute | Vertical aerial image, orthophotomap | 2.0 m |
| 2009 | Google Earth – 20090812114526484GE10332358_004 | Satellite image | 1.5 m |
| 2011 | S2011. Norwegian Polar Institute | Vertical aerial image, orthophotomap | 2.0 m |
| 2013 | DigitalGlobe – 13AUG17130953-S2AS-010486906030_01_P001 | Satellite image | 0.5 m |
| 2016 | UAV drone photos | Drone photo | 0.02 m |
| 2017 | DigitalGlobe – 17JUL31184148-S2AS-010486906040_01_P001 | Satellite image | 0.5 m |
| 2018 | DigitalGlobe – satellites.pro/Norway_map#77.531913,14.571261,15 | Satellite image | 1.0 m |
| 2020 | DigitalGlobe – 20JUL31113940-M2AS-013735816010_01_P001/P002; 20JUL31113940-P2AS-013735816010_01_P001/P002 | Satellite image | 0.5 m |
| 2021 | UAV drone photos | Drone photo | 0.02 m |
| 2022 | UAV drone photos | Drone photo | 0.02 m |
Fig 2.
Shoreline change in a selected section of coast – Area 1: E – 2011 (2005, 2006, 2007 – Source: Zagórski 2011); L – DEM; a–b represents the long axis of the spit (see Table 2). The purple area denotes the moraine surface. For the background source data, see Table 1.
Fig 3.
View on selected section of coast: A,B – Area 1 (Photo: Świtoniak 2008, Zagórski 2022); C,D – Area 2 (Photo: Mędrek 2014, Zagórski 2022); E,F – Area 3 (Photo: Zagórski 2014, 2021); G,H – Area 4 (Photo: Zagórski 2016, 2021); I – Area 5 (Photo: Pawłowski 2016); J – Area 4 and 5 (Photo: Zagórski 2022).
Table 2.
Changes of length of axis of spit end and annual length change in Area 1 in selected years.
| Length of spit axis (a–b) | Relatively to 1936 | Relatively to 1936 | Previous observation | Previous observation | Annual length change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [m] | [m] | [%] | [m] | [%] | [m·a−1] |
| 1936 | 80.0 | – | – | – | – |
| 1948 | 109.5 | 36.9 | 29.5 | 36.9 | 2.5 |
| 1960* | 138.8 | 73.5 | 29.3 | 26.8 | 2.4 |
| 1990* | 187.2 | 134.0 | 48.4 | 34.9 | 1.6 |
| 2005* | 214.5 | 168.1 | 27.3 | 14.6 | 1.8 |
| 2006* | 218.1 | 172.6 | 3.6 | 1.7 | 3.6 |
| 2007* | 224.3 | 180.4 | 6.2 | 2.8 | 6.2 |
| 2011 | 231.1 | 188.9 | 6.8 | 3.0 | 1.7 |
| 2013 | 236.3 | 195.4 | 5.2 | 2.3 | 2.6 |
| 2016 | 243.2 | 204.0 | 6.9 | 2.9 | 2.3 |
| 2017 | 245.3 | 206.6 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 2.1 |
| 2020 | 253.1 | 216.4 | 7.8 | 3.2 | 2.6 |
| 2021 | 254.0 | 217.5 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.9 |
| 2022 | 261.2 | 226.5 | 7.2 | 2.8 | 7.2 |
1* Data source: Zagórski (2011).
Fig 4.
Shoreline change in a selected section of coast – Area 2. For the background source data, see Table 1.
Fig 5.
Shoreline change in a selected section of coast – Area 3: a–b and c–d, respectively, represent the long axes of the spits S1 and S2 (see Table 3). For the background source data, see Table 1.
Table 3.
Changes of length of axis of spit end and annual length change in Area 3 in selected years.
| Length of spit axis (a–b) | Relatively to 1936 | Relatively to 1936 | Previous observation | Previous observation | Annual length change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [m] | [m] | [%] | [m] | [%] | [m·a−1] |
| Spit 1 | |||||
| 1960 | 30.8 | – | – | – | – |
| 1990 | 45.1 | 46.4 | 14.3 | 46.4 | 0.5 |
| 2011 | 148.7 | 382.8 | 103.6 | 229.7 | 4.9 |
| 2013 | 158.2 | 415.3 | 9.5 | 6.4 | 4.8 |
| 2018 | 185.5 | 502.3 | 27.3 | 17.3 | 5.5 |
| Spit 2 | |||||
| 2011 | 29.9 | – | – | – | – |
| 2013 | 44.9 | 50.2 | 15.0 | 50.2 | 7.5 |
| 2018 | 76.7 | 156.5 | 31.8 | 70.8 | 6.4 |
| 2020 | 92.7 | 210.0 | 16.0 | 20.9 | 8.0 |
| 2022 | 97.8 | 227.1 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 2.6 |
Fig 6.
Shoreline change in a selected section of coast – Area 4: a–b represents the long axis of the spit (see Table 4). For the background source data, see Table 1.
Table 4.
Changes of length of axis of spit end and annual length change in Area 4 in selected years.
| Length of spit axis (a–b) | Relatively to 1936 | Relatively to 1936 | Previous observation | Previous observation | Annual length change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [m] | [m] | [%] | [m] | [%] | [m·a−1] |
| 1936 | 46.4 | – | – | – | – |
| 1960 | 50.7 | 9.3 | 4.3 | 9.3 | 0.2 |
| 1990 | 116.0 | 150.0 | 65.3 | 128.8 | 2.2 |
| 2009 | 109.8 | 136.6 | −6.2 | −5.3 | −0.3 |
| 2011 | 116.9 | 151.9 | 7.1 | 6.5 | 3.6 |
| 2013 | 117.2 | 152.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
| 2016 | 124.1 | 167.5 | 6.9 | 5.9 | 2.3 |
| 2018 | 131.6 | 183.6 | 7.5 | 5.7 | 3.8 |
| 2020 | 138.1 | 197.6 | 6.5 | 4.9 | 3.3 |
| 2021 | 143.3 | 208.8 | 5.2 | 3.8 | 5.2 |
| 2022 | 143.4 | 209.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Fig 7.
Shoreline change in a selected section of coast – Area 5: a–b represents the long axis of the spit (see Table 5). For the background source data, see Table 1.
Table 5.
Changes of length of axis of spit end and annual length change in Area 5 in selected years.
| Length of spit axis (a–b) | Relatively to 1936 | Relatively to 1936 | Previous observation | Previous observation | Annual length change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [m] | [m] | [%] | [m] | [%] | [m·a−1] |
| 1990 | 13.6 | – | – | – | – |
| 2009 | 15.9 | 16.9 | 2.3 | 16.9 | 0.1 |
| 2011 | 18.1 | 33.1 | 2.2 | 13.8 | 1.1 |
| 2016 | 23.4 | 72.1 | 5.3 | 29.3 | 1.1 |
| 2018 | 25.0 | 83.8 | 1.6 | 6.8 | 0.8 |
| 2020 | 39.3 | 189.0 | 14.3 | 57.2 | 7.2 |
Fig 8.
Shoreline change in a selected section of coast – Area 6: a–b represents the long axis of the spit (see Table 6). The purple area denotes moraine surface. For the background source data, see Table 1.
Fig 9.
View on selected section of coast: A–C – Area 6 (Photo: Hamberg 1898. Source: Alvin; Uppsala University Library; Photo: Demczuk 2009, Zagórski 2022); D–F – Area 7 (Photo: Pękala 1987, Zagórski 2014, 2021); G,H – Area 8 (Photo: Zagórski 2016, 2021); I,J – Area 9 (Photo: Hamberg 1898. Source: Alvin; Uppsala University Library; Zagórski 2021).
Table 6.
Changes of length of axis of spit end and annual length change in Area 6 in selected years.
| Length of spit axis (a–b) | Relatively to 1936 | Relatively to 1936 | Previous observation | Previous observation | Annual length change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [m] | [m] | [%] | [m] | [%] | [m·a−1] |
| 1960 | 25.6 | – | – | – | – |
| 1990 | 66.1 | 158.2 | 40.5 | 158.2 | 1.4 |
| 2011 | 75.8 | 196.1 | 9.7 | 14.7 | 0.5 |
| 2018 | 87.6 | 242.2 | 11.8 | 15.6 | 1.7 |
| 2020 | 99.8 | 289.8 | 12.2 | 13.9 | 6.1 |
| 2022 | 107.4 | 319.5 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 3.8 |
Fig 10.
Shoreline change in a selected section of coast – Area 7: a–b represents the long axis of the spit (see Table 7). For the background source data, see Table 1.
Table 7.
Changes of length of axis of spit end and annual length change in Area 7 in selected years.
| Length of spit axis (a–b) | Relatively to 1936 | Relatively to 1936 | Previous observation | Previous observation | Annual length change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [m] | [m] | [%] | [m] | [%] | [m·a−1] |
| 2011 | 33.1 | – | – | – | – |
| 2018 | 157.4 | 375.5 | 124.3 | 375.5 | 17.8 |
| 2020 | 191.2 | 477.6 | 33.8 | 21.5 | 16.9 |
| 2022 | 207.8 | 527.8 | 16.6 | 8.7 | 8.3 |
Fig 11.
Shoreline change in a selected section of coast – Area 8: a–b represents the long axis of the beach (see Table 8). For the background source data, see Table 1.
Table 8.
Changes of length of axis of spit end and annual length change in Area 8 in selected years.
| Length of spit axis (a–b) | Relatively to 1936 | Relatively to 1936 | Previous observation | Previous observation | Annual length change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [m] | [m] | [%] | [m] | [%] | [m·a−1] |
| 1936 | 86.9 | – | – | – | – |
| 1960 | 159.6 | 83.7 | 72.7 | 83.7 | 3.0 |
| 1990 | 208.5 | 139.9 | 48.9 | 30.6 | 1.6 |
| 2009 | 220.6 | 153.9 | 12.1 | 5.8 | 0.6 |
| 2011 | 240.2 | 176.4 | 19.6 | 8.9 | 9.8 |
Fig 12.
Shoreline change in a selected section of coast – Area 9. The purple area denotes moraine surface. For the background source data, see Table 1.
Fig 13.
Classification of the Recherche Fjord coastline (according to: Jarosz et al. 2022, modified) and the main factors determining the formation of accumulative forms. Background: Orthophotomap, NPI S2011.