Spatial Analysis of Ecological Risk in a Coastal Dune Landscape Using High Resolution Aerial Photography

Listyaningrum, Noviyanti; Mardiatno, Djati; Pangaribowo, Evita Hanie; Setiawan, Muhammad Anggri; Sartohadi, Junun; Sulistyo, Bambang

doi:10.14746/quageo-2024-0001

Figures & Tables

Location of Parangtritis coastal dune (source: National Geospatial Agency 2020, processed).

Illustration of the Parangtritis coastal dune formation.

Division of the Parangtritis coastal dune (risk calculation area) into grids of equal size and the centroid or sampling centre.

Spatial distribution of land use and land cover types in 2011 (A) and 2020 (B).

Spatial distribution of human interventions in 2011 (A) and 2020 (B).

Spatial distribution of the landscape ecological risk (LER) levels for every landscape ecological unit (LEU) generated with four scenarios: 2011 sub-class (A), 2020 sub-class (B), 2011 class (C) and 2020 class (D).

Area of the five landscape ecological risk (LER) levels for each scenario.

Local indicator of spatial association (LISA) cluster map showing the local spatial autocorrelation of landscape ecological risk (LER) in the Parangtritis coastal dune.

Formulas to calculate the landscape disturbance_

Index	Equation	Assessment Unit
Landscape disturbance (Xie et al. 2013; X. Zhang et al. 2013; Liu et al. 2020)	S_i = aCi + bN_i + cDi a + b + c = 1 a = 0,5; b = 0,3; c = 0,2	landscape class or sub-class
Landscape fragmentation (X. Zhang et al. 2013; Liu et al. 2020)	Ci=niAi\[{{C}_{i}}=\frac{{{n}_{i}}}{{{A}_{i}}}\]	landscape class or sub-class
Landscape isolation, segmentation, or splitting (Xie et al. 2013; X. Zhang et al. 2013; Liu et al. 2020)	Ci=A2AiniA\[{{C}_{i}}=\frac{A}{2{{A}_{i}}}\sqrt{\frac{{{n}_{i}}}{A}}\]	landscape class or sub-class
Landscape dominance (Jin et al. 2019)	Di=(Qi+Mi+Li)3\[{{D}_{i}}=\frac{\left( {{Q}_{i}}+{{M}_{i}}+{{L}_{i}} \right)}{3}\]	landscape class or sub-class

Landscape ecological risk index calculation_

Index	Equation	Assessment Unit
Ecological risk	ERIi=∑i=1NAkiAk×Ri\[ER{{I}_{i}}=\sum\nolimits_{i=1}^{N}{\frac{{{A}_{ki}}}{{{A}_{k}}}\times {{R}_{i}}}\]	grid (if one grid contains > 1 classes or sub-classes, their indices are summed, adjusting the area proportion)
Landscape loss degree	R_i = F_i × S_i	landscape class or sub-class

Calculation of global and local spatial autocorrelation_

Global spatial autocorrelation

Local spatial autocorrelation

I=∑in∑j≠1nWij(xi−x)2S2∑1n∑j≠1nWij

\[I=\frac{\sum\nolimits_{i}^{n}{\sum\nolimits_{j\ne 1}^{n}{{{W}_{ij}}{{\left( {{x}_{i}}-x \right)}^{2}}}}}{{{S}^{2}}\sum\nolimits_{1}^{n}{\sum\nolimits_{j\ne 1}^{n}{{{W}_{ij}}}}}\]

S2=1n∑1n(xi−x¯)2\[{{S}^{2}}=\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{1}^{n}{{{\left( {{x}_{i}}-\bar{x} \right)}^{2}}}\]

x¯=1n∑i(j)nxij\[\bar{x}=\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{i\left( j \right)}^{n}{{{x}_{ij}}}\]

Zscore=I−E(I)Var(I)\[{{Z}_{score}}=\frac{I-E\left( I \right)}{\sqrt{Var\left( I \right)}}\]

Ii=zi∑j=1nwijzj(i≠j)

\[{{I}_{i}}={{z}_{i}}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n}{{{w}_{ij}}{{z}_{j}}\left( i\ne j \right)}\]

Global spatial autocorrelation of landscape ecological risk (LER) in the Parangtritis coastal dune_

Scenario	Moran’s I	Z_score
Sub-class 2011	0.4112	18.0872
Sub-class 2020	0.6342	27.0196
Class 2011	0.5775	24.6668
Class 2020	0.6177	26.3570

Landscape fragility index (Fi) of various landscape classes based on their genesis (natural processes or human interventions)_

Landscape class	Natural	Agrogenic	Tree agrogenic	Industrogenic	Info-telecommunication	Tourismsports	Traffic	Urbanogenic	Water management
Index	1.000	0.686	0.145	0.472	0.068	0.319	0.098	0.048	0.215

Spatial Analysis of Ecological Risk in a Coastal Dune Landscape Using High Resolution Aerial Photography

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Formulas to calculate the landscape disturbance_

Landscape ecological risk index calculation_

Calculation of global and local spatial autocorrelation_

Global spatial autocorrelation of landscape ecological risk (LER) in the Parangtritis coastal dune_

Landscape fragility index (Fi) of various landscape classes based on their genesis (natural processes or human interventions)_

Paradigm

My account