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Generative Adversarial Approach to Urban Areas’ NDVI Estimation: A Case Study of Łódź, Poland

Quaestiones Geographicae
Volume 42 (2023): Issue 1 (March 2023)
By:
Open Access
|Jan 2023

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

Research area, based on the data from the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography (Land and Building Records).
Research area, based on the data from the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography (Land and Building Records).

Fig. 2

The main steps of the investigation.
The main steps of the investigation.

Fig. 3

Visualization Visualisation of a dataset item, based on Geoportal (2021). From left to right: RGB composition, R, G and B bands that form the input tensor and normalised difference vegetation index, which serves as a target tensor.
Visualization Visualisation of a dataset item, based on Geoportal (2021). From left to right: RGB composition, R, G and B bands that form the input tensor and normalised difference vegetation index, which serves as a target tensor.

Fig. 4

Modified Pix2Pix discriminator model visualisation.
Modified Pix2Pix discriminator model visualisation.

Fig. 5

Modified Pix2Pix generator sub-model visualisation.
Modified Pix2Pix generator sub-model visualisation.

Fig. 6

Colour palette used during visual inspection of Figs 7–15.
Colour palette used during visual inspection of Figs 7–15.

Fig. 7

Inference result – abandoned land; based on Geoportal (2021). From left to right: PAN, NDVItrue, NDVIartificial and NDVIdiff.
Inference result – abandoned land; based on Geoportal (2021). From left to right: PAN, NDVItrue, NDVIartificial and NDVIdiff.

Fig. 8

Inference result – wooded area: PAN, NDVItrue, NDVIartificial and NDVIdiff; based on Geoportal (2021).
Inference result – wooded area: PAN, NDVItrue, NDVIartificial and NDVIdiff; based on Geoportal (2021).

Fig. 9

Inference result – small parking lot: PAN, NDVItrue, NDVIartificial and NDVIdiff; based on Geoportal (2021).
Inference result – small parking lot: PAN, NDVItrue, NDVIartificial and NDVIdiff; based on Geoportal (2021).

Fig. 10

Inference result – buildings: PAN, NDVItrue, NDVIartificial and NDVIdiff; based on Geoportal (2021).
Inference result – buildings: PAN, NDVItrue, NDVIartificial and NDVIdiff; based on Geoportal (2021).

Fig. 11

Inference result – residential area: PAN, NDVItrue, NDVIartificial and NDVIdiff; based on Geoportal (2021).
Inference result – residential area: PAN, NDVItrue, NDVIartificial and NDVIdiff; based on Geoportal (2021).

Fig. 12

Inference result – commercial facility: PAN, NDVItrue, NDVIartificial and NDVIdiff; based on Geoportal (2021).
Inference result – commercial facility: PAN, NDVItrue, NDVIartificial and NDVIdiff; based on Geoportal (2021).

Fig. 13

Inference result – commercial facility parking lot: PAN, NDVItrue, NDVIartificial and NDVIdiff; based on Geoportal (2021).
Inference result – commercial facility parking lot: PAN, NDVItrue, NDVIartificial and NDVIdiff; based on Geoportal (2021).

Fig. 14

Inference result – farmland: PAN, NDVItrue, NDVIartificial and NDVIdiff; based on Geoportal (2021).
Inference result – farmland: PAN, NDVItrue, NDVIartificial and NDVIdiff; based on Geoportal (2021).

Fig. 15

Sliding window inference (NDVIartificial) of an orthophoto used to compute the test dataset); based on Geoportal (2021). The scene (51.76174 E, 19.42149 N) presents Łódź, Poland. Red values indicate high NDVI values (closer to 1). Blue ones represent small values (closer to −1).
Sliding window inference (NDVIartificial) of an orthophoto used to compute the test dataset); based on Geoportal (2021). The scene (51.76174 E, 19.42149 N) presents Łódź, Poland. Red values indicate high NDVI values (closer to 1). Blue ones represent small values (closer to −1).

Fig. 16

Sliding window inference (NDVIartificial) of an archival 1966 greyscale aerial image; based on GUGiK (Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography b.d.). The scene presents Łódź, Poland. Red overlay indicates values where 0.5 < NDVI < 1.
Sliding window inference (NDVIartificial) of an archival 1966 greyscale aerial image; based on GUGiK (Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography b.d.). The scene presents Łódź, Poland. Red overlay indicates values where 0.5 < NDVI < 1.

Normalised difference vegetation index threshold values used in urban studies in Poland_

NDVI Threshold for vegetationImage data usedResearch areaReferences
0.3Landsat TM, GSD 30 m, 3 Jul. 2006WarsawTomaszewska et al. (2011)
0.1MODIS, GSD 250 m, 3 Jul. 2006WarsawTomaszewska et al. (2011)
0.1Digital orthophoto, GSD 0.1 m, May 2014WroclawKubalska and Preuss (2014)
0.2IKONOS-2, GSD 1(4) m, 18 Aug. 2005LublinKrukowski et al. (2016)
0.2Landsat 8, GSD 30 m, 3 Jul. 2015ŁódźBędkowski and Bielecki (2017)
0.1Pléiades 1A, GSD 0.5 m, May 2012WarsawPyra and Adamczyk (2018)
0.1CIR-orthophoto, GSD 0.25 m, 2015ŁódźPluto-Kossakowska et al. (2018)
0.2IKONOS-2, GSD 1(4) m, 18 Aug. 2011LublinKrukowski (2018)
0.1CIR aerial orthophoto, GSD 0.25 m, 2015ŁódźWorm et al. (2019)
0.6Sentinel 2, GSD 10 m, summer 2018, 2019PolandŁachowski and Łęczek (2020)
0.2IKONOS-2, June 2005, GSD = 0.8 m PAN (3.2 m MS)QuickBird-2, September 2006, GSD = 0.6 m PAN (2.4 m MS)WorldView-2, October 2014, GSD = 0.5 m PAN (2.0 m MS)Aerial orthophotomap (CIR), May 2017, GSD = 0.25 mPolandZięba-Kulawik and Wężyk (2022)

Test set evaluation metrics_

SSIMPSNRRSME
AVG0.756926.64590.0504
STD0.10833.65770.0193
MIN0.358916.33430.0026
MAX0.998751.76740.1525

Structure of land use in Łódź [km2]_

TotalAgricultural landForest, woody, and bushy landResidential areasIndustrial areasTransport areasGroundwaterOther
293.25113.7624.6747.1313.9142.371.331.15
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2023-0007 | Journal eISSN: 2081-6383 | Journal ISSN: 2082-2103
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Language: English
Page range: 87 - 106
Submitted on: Sep 27, 2022
Published on: Jan 29, 2023
Published by: Adam Mickiewicz University
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 times per year
Keywords:
generative adversarial networks,
NDVI,
green areas,
orthophoto,
artificial datasets
Related subjects:
Geosciences,
Geography

© 2023 Maciej Adamiak, Krzysztof Będkowski, Adam Bielecki, published by Adam Mickiewicz University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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