Table 1
List of data used in this study.
| No. | Data | Source | Organisation | Access | Spatial resolution | Temporal resolution |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Hotspot | Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MODIS (MCD14ML) 2014–2020 | The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) | lpdaac.usgs.gov/tools/appeears/ | 1 km | Daily |
| 2. | Satellite precipitation data | Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) 2014–2020 | The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (JAXA) | giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov/giovanni/ | 0.1° | Monthly |
| 3. | Land Surface Temperature | Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MODIS (MOD11A1.006) 2014–2020 | The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) | lpdaac.usgs.gov/tools/appeears/ | 1 km | Daily |
| 4. | Soil Moisture | Soil Moisture Active Passive SMAP (SPL4SMAU) 2015–2020 | The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) | lpdaac.usgs.gov/tools/appeears/ | 9 km | Daily |
| 5. | Meteorological station data | Indonesian Bureau of Meteorology | Badan Meteorologi dan Klimatologi (BMKG) | dataonline.bmkg.go.id/ | – | Daily |
| 6. | Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) | ONI 2014–2020 | The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) | origin.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ONI_v5.php | – | Monthly |
Fig. 1
Rain station in Kalimantan (BIG and BMKGs 2020). Base map obtained from Indonesian Geospatial Agency.
Fig. 2
The 1-1 plot and correlation of global precipitation measurement and meteorological station measurements.
Fig. 3
Average monthly rainfall in Kalimantan 2014–2020.
Fig. 4
Average land surface temperature in August–October based on El Nino Southern Oscillation in Kalimantan.
Fig. 5
Average soil moisture in August–October based on El Nino Southern Oscillation in Kalimantan.
Fig. 6
Average number of fire hotspots in August–October based on El Nino Southern Oscillation in Kalimantan.
Table 2
Comparison of hotspots from different levels of confidence during El Nino Southern Oscillation phases.
| Level of confidence | Average monthly hotspots | Trend | Trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral | El Nino | La Nina | El Nino | Average | La Nina | Average | |
| [−] | [%] | ||||||
| 50% | 36 834 | 42 666 | 6 838 | 15.83 | 17.40 | −81.44 | −84.70 |
| 75% | 17 842 | 20 986 | 2 893 | 17.62 | −83.79 | ||
| 90% | 5 677 | 6 741 | 632 | 18.74 | −88.87 | ||
Fig. 7
Spatial distribution of average fire density, rainfall, land surface temperature and soil moisture during El Nino Southern Oscillation.