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The linear temporal trend slopes of the average area-wise values of air temperature and relative humidity at 2 m AGL and at different isobaric levels in Poland in the years 1981–2020_
| Pressure levels (hPa) | Unit | April–September | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 m AGL | 850 | 700 | 500 | 300 | ||
| Air temperature | [°C per 10 years] | 0.49* | 0.40* | 0.38* | 0.43* | 0.37* |
| Relative humidity | [% per 10 years] | −1.25* | −1.28* | −1.86* | −2.44* | −2.90* |
Proportion (%) of changes in impervious surface in selected cities in Poland in the years 1991–2020 in percentage points_
| City | Imperviousness index | Change [%] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 | 2001 | 2011 | 2020 | 1991–2000 | 2001–2010 | 2011–2020 | |
| Białystok | 38.1 | 40.4 | 43.5 | 47.2 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 3.7 |
| Gorzów | 25.5 | 26.1 | 29.4 | 31.4 | 0.6 | 3.3 | 2.0 |
| Katowice | 32.2 | 32.3 | 34.1 | 34.9 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 0.8 |
| Kielce | 28.6 | 29.0 | 31.2 | 32.3 | 0.4 | 2.2 | 1.1 |
| Kraków | 32.3 | 32.7 | 36.6 | 37.5 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 0.9 |
| Lublin | 29.4 | 31.5 | 34.4 | 37.6 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 3.2 |
| Łódź | 32.4 | 32.7 | 34.4 | 36.2 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 1.8 |
| Poznań | 35.4 | 36.3 | 38.8 | 41.3 | 0.9 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
| Toruń | 28.0 | 29.3 | 32.9 | 34.8 | 1.3 | 3.6 | 1.9 |
| Warszawa | 41.9 | 43.2 | 46.7 | 47.5 | 1.3 | 3.5 | 0.9 |
| Lesko | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
Average relative air humidity in individual decades and the magnitude of its changes in the area of the analysed cities in the warm part of the year (April–September)_
| City | Mean f | Change | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1981–1990 | 1991–2000 | 2001–2010 | 2011–2020 | 1991–2000 compared to 1981–1990 | 2001–2010 compared to 1991–2000 | 2011–2020 compared to 2001–2010 | |
| [%] | [%] | ||||||
| Białystok | 73.7 | 73.2 | 71.7 | 70.5 | –0.6 | –2.1 | –1.6 |
| Gorzów | 72.8 | 72.6 | 70.1 | 67.8 | –0.2 | –3.6 | –3.3 |
| Katowice | 73.7 | 73.2 | 71.7 | 70.5 | –0.6 | –2.1 | –1.6 |
| Kielce | 76.7 | 76.6 | 74.0 | 73.0 | –0.1 | –3.4 | –1.4 |
| Kraków | 75.7 | 74.8 | 73.4 | 72.5 | –1.2 | –1.9 | –1.2 |
| Lublin | 77.0 | 76.3 | 73.7 | 72.6 | –0.9 | –3.5 | –1.4 |
| Łódź | 74.9 | 74.8 | 70.3 | 70.1 | –0.1 | –6.2 | –0.3 |
| Poznań | 72.5 | 72.4 | 68.6 | 66.9 | –0.2 | –5.3 | –2.6 |
| Toruń | 73.6 | 72.1 | 70.1 | 68.9 | –2.0 | –2.8 | –1.7 |
| Warszawa | 74.7 | 74.6 | 70.1 | 67.6 | –0.2 | –6.2 | –3.7 |
| Lesko | 78.7 | 78.2 | 77.7 | 76.0 | –0.6 | –0.6 | –2.2 |
Cities included in the study, their geographic location, area and population in 2019 (GUS 2020)_
| City | Altitude | Latitude | Longitude | Area | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [m a.s.l.] | [degree] | [km2] | x 103 | ||
| Białystok | 148 | 53°06′26″ | 23°09′44″ | 102 | 297.6 |
| Gorzów | 72 | 52°44′28″ | 15°16′38″ | 86 | 123.6 |
| Katowice | 278 | 50°14′26″ | 19°01′58″ | 165 | 292.8 |
| Kielce | 260 | 50°48′38″ | 20°41′32″ | 110 | 194.9 |
| Kraków | 237 | 50°04′40″ | 19°47′42″ | 327 | 779.1 |
| Lublin | 193 | 51°13′00″ | 22°23′35″ | 148 | 339.8 |
| Łódź | 180 | 51°43′06″ | 19°23′14″ | 293 | 679.9 |
| Poznań | 88 | 52°25′00″ | 16°50′05″ | 262 | 534.8 |
| Toruń | 69 | 53°02′31″ | 18°35′44″ | 116 | 201.4 |
| Warszawa | 106 | 52°09′46″ | 20°57′40″ | 517 | 1790.7 |
| Lesko | 420 | 49°27′59″ | 22°20′30″ | 15 | 5.4 |
Changes in impervious surface (IS) in Poland in the years 1991–2020_
| Index | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 | 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ISs in km2 – municipalities | 3093 | 3199 | 3445 | 3475 |
| ISs in km2 – rural communes | 2479 | 2652 | 2976 | 3517 |
| ISs in km2 – municipal–rural communes | 2109 | 2218 | 2445 | 2762 |
| ISs in km2 – total | 7682 | 8069 | 8866 | 9954 |
| ISs share in % – total | 2.46 | 2.58 | 2.84 | 3.2 |
| Average annual growth in % – total | 0.51 | 0.99 | 1.63 | |
| Increase in % – total | 5.1 | 9.9 | 16.3 | |
| Total for the years 1991–2020 | 29.9 | |||
The average maximum temperature Tmax in individual decades and the magnitude of its changes in the areas of the analysed cities in the warm part of the year (April–September)_
| City | Average Tmax | Change | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1981–1990 | 1991–2000 | 2001–2010 | 2011–2020 | 1991–2000 compared to 1981–1990 | 2001–2010 compared to 1991–2000 | 2011–2020 compared to 2001–2010 | |
| [°C] | [%] | ||||||
| Białystok | 19.8 | 20.5 | 21.3 | 21.6 | +3.4 | +4.0 | +1.6 |
| Gorzów | 19.7 | 20.4 | 21.2 | 21.5 | +3.1 | +3.9 | +1.5 |
| Katowice | 19.8 | 20.4 | 21.2 | 21.6 | +3.1 | +3.6 | +2.2 |
| Kielce | 19.5 | 20.1 | 21.1 | 21.6 | +3.0 | +4.4 | +2.5 |
| Kraków | 20.0 | 20.7 | 21.5 | 21.9 | +3.5 | +3.8 | +1.9 |
| Lublin | 19.2 | 19.7 | 20.6 | 21.2 | +2.7 | +4.5 | +2.6 |
| Łódź | 19.8 | 20.2 | 21.0 | 21.5 | +1.8 | +4.3 | +2.2 |
| Poznań | 20.0 | 20.6 | 21.5 | 21.8 | +2.9 | +4.5 | +1.5 |
| Toruń | 20.0 | 20.5 | 21.2 | 21.8 | +2.8 | +3.5 | +2.5 |
| Warszawa | 20.0 | 20.3 | 21.2 | 21.8 | +1.9 | +4.4 | +2.7 |
| Lesko | 18.6 | 19.3 | 20.0 | 20.7 | +3.8 | +3.6 | +3.3 |
Average low-level cloudiness in individual decades and the magnitude of its changes in the analysed cities in the warm part of the year (April–September)_
| City | Average low-level cloudiness (%) | Change | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1981–1990 | 1991–2000 | 2001–2010 | 2011–2020 | 1991–2000 compared to 1981–1990 | 2001–2010 compared to 1991–2000 | 2011–2020 compared to 2001–2010 | |
| [%] | [%] | ||||||
| Białystok | 47.6 | 47.9 | 46.2 | 45.6 | +0.5 | −3.6 | −1.2 |
| Gorzów | 48.4 | 49.0 | 43.9 | 40.6 | +1.2 | −10.9 | −7.9 |
| Katowice | 47.0 | 47.9 | 46.2 | 45.5 | +1.8 | −3.6 | −1.5 |
| Kielce | 46.8 | 46.2 | 42.4 | 39.4 | −1.3 | −8.5 | −7.5 |
| Kraków | 44.1 | 42.3 | 40.0 | 39.0 | −4.3 | −5.5 | −2.6 |
| Lublin | 45.7 | 44.7 | 42.6 | 41.4 | −2.1 | −4.8 | −2.6 |
| Łódź | 45.0 | 46.2 | 43.1 | 41.7 | +2.6 | −7.0 | −3.2 |
| Poznań | 44.0 | 43.5 | 40.7 | 39.9 | −1.0 | −6.7 | −2.1 |
| Toruń | 48.1 | 47.9 | 43.0 | 42.2 | −0.5 | −10.8 | −1.9 |
| Warszawa | 48.1 | 47.9 | 43.0 | 42.2 | −4.2 | −5.5 | −2.9 |
| Lesko | 54.4 | 54.6 | 52.4 | 48.0 | +0.8 | −4.0 | −8.8 |