References
- ASTUDILLO, Javier; LAGO, Ignacio (2021). Primaries through the looking glass: The electoral effects of opening the selection of top candidates. British Journal of Political Science. Vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 1550-1564. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123419000632.
- BAILEY, David; DE WAELE, Jean-Michel; ESCALONA, Fabien; VIEIRA, Mathieu (eds.) (2014). European Social Democracy During the Global Economic Crisis: Renovation or Resignation? Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- BARBERÀ, Oscar; SANDRI, Giulia; CORREA, Patricia; RODRÍGUEZ-TERUEL, Juan (2021). Digital Parties: The Challenges of Online Organisation and Participation. Chaim: Springer.
- BARTOLINI, Stefano (1986). Metodología de la investigación política. In PASQUINO, Gian-franco; BARTOLINI, Stefano; COTTA, Maurizio; MORLINO, Leonardo; PANEBIANCO, Angelo (eds.). Manual de Ciencia Política. Madrid: Alianza.
- BENEDETTO, Giacomo; HIX, Simon; MASTROROCCO, Nicola (2020). The rise and fall of social democracy, 1918–2017. American Political Science Review. Vol. 114, no. 3, pp. 928-939. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000234.
- BERNARDI, Luca; SANDRI, Giulia; SEDDONE, Antonella (2017). Challenges of political participation and intra-party democracy: Bittersweet symphony from party membership and primary elections in Italy. Acta Politica. Vol. 52, pp. 218.240. https://doi.org/10.1057/ap.2016.4.
- CAUL- KITTILSON, Miki; SCARROW, Susan E. (2003). Political parties and the rhetoric and realities of democratization. En Cain, Bruce; Dalton, Russell and Scarrow, Susan E. (eds), Democracy transformed: Expanding political opportunities in advanced industrial democracies. Oxford University Press, pp. 59-80.
- CHADWICK, Andrew; STROMER-GALLEY, Jennifer (2016). Digital media, power, and democracy in parties and election campaigns: party decline or party renewal? The International Journal of Press/Politics. Vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 283-293. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161216646731.
- CORREA, Patricia; BARBERÀ, Oscar; RODRÍGUEZ-TERUEL, Juan (2019). El PSOE y la impotencia de la izquierda. In LLERA, Francisco J.; BARA, Monserrat; MONTABES, Juan (eds.). Las elecciones generales de 2015 y 2016. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.
- COSTA LOBO, Marina (2006). Short-term voting determinants in a young democracy: Leader effects in Portugal in the 2002 legislative elections. Electoral Studies. Vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 270-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2005.05.002.
- COSTA LOBO, Marina (2008). Parties and leader effects: impact of leaders in the vote for different types of parties. Party Politics. Vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 281-298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068807088123.
- CROSS, William P.; KATZ, Richard S. (eds.) (2013). The challenges of intra-party democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- CROSS, William P.; PILET, Jean B. (eds.) (2015). The politics of party leadership: A cross-national perspective. Oxford University Press.
- CROSS, William; BLAIS, André (2012). Who selects the party leader? Party politics. Vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 127-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068810382935.
- DALTON, Russell; FARRELL, David M.; MCALLISTER, Ian (2011). Political parties and democratic linkage: How parties organize democracy. Oxford University Press.
- DE LUCA, Marino; VENTURINO, Fulvio (2017). The effects of primaries on electoral performance: France and Italy in comparative perspective. French Politics. Vol. 15, pp. 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41253-016-0007-4.
- DELGADO-FERNÁNDEZ, Santiago; CAZORLA-MARTÍN, Ángel (2017). El Partido Socialista Obrero Español: de la hegemonía a la decadencia. Revista Española de Ciencia Política. Vol. 44, pp. 247-273. https://doi.org/10.21308/recp.44.10.
- DELGADO-FERNÁNDEZ, Santiago; CAZORLA-MARTÍN, Ángel (2023). El renacimiento del PSOE. In Oñate, Pablo, Rivera, José Manuel y Ortega, Carmen (eds.), Las elecciones generales de noviembre de 2019. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. DETTERBECK, Klaus (2012). Multi-level party politics in Western Europe. Basingstoke: Pal-grave Macmillan.
- DÍAZ-MONTIEL, Alberto (2021). How to Remain Indispensable in the Twenty-First Century? The Digital Adaptation of PSOE and PSP in a Crisis Context. In Barberá, Oscar; Sandri, Giulia; Correa, Patricia and Rodríguez-Teruel, Juan (eds.). Digital Parties: The Challenges of Online Organisation and Participation. Chaim: Springer.
- DOMMETT, KATHARINE; KEFFORD, Glenn; POWER, Sam (2021). The digital ecosystem: the new politics of party organization in parliamentary democracies. Party Politics. Vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 847-857. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068820907667.
- GARZIA, Diego (2011). The personalization of politics in Western democracies: Causes and consequences on leader–follower relationships. The Leadership Quarterly. Vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 697-709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.05.010.
- GARZIA, Diego (2012). Party and leader effects in parliamentary elections: Towards a reassessment. Politics. Vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 175-185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9256.2012.01443.x.
- GAUJA, Anika (2016). Party reform: The causes, challenges, and consequences of organizational change. Oxford University Press.
- GERBAUDO, Paolo (2018). Social media and populism: an elective affinity? Media, Culture & Society. Vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 745-753. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718772192.
- GERBAUDO, Paolo (2019). The digital party: Political organisation and online democracy. London: Pluto Press.
- GERRING, John (2004). What is a case study and what is it good for? American Political Science Review. Vol. 98, no. 2, pp. 341-354. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055404001182.
- GIBSON, Rachel; WARD, Stephan (2009). Parties in the digital age. A review article. Representation. Vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 87-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344890802710888.
- GONZÁLEZ-CACHEDA, Bruno; CANCELA OUTEDA, Celso (2024). Digitalisation and political parties in Europe. Party Politics. Online First. https://doi.org/10.1177/13540688231225639.
- HARMEL, Robert; JANDA, Kenneth (1994). Party goals and party change. Journal of Theoretical Politics. Vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 259-287. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951692894006003001.
- HAZAN, Reuven Y.; RAHAT, Gideon (2010). Democracy within parties: Candidate selection methods and their political consequences. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- IGNAZI, Piero (2021). Partido y democracia. El desigual camino a la legitimación de los partidos. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
- KARVONEN, Lauri (2010). The personalisation of politics: A study of parliamentary democracies. Colchester: ECPR Press: Ecpr Press.
- KATZ, Richard (2001). The problem of candidate selection and models of party democracy. Party politics. Vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 277-296. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068801007003002.
- KEMAN, Hans (2014). Democratic performance of parties and legitimacy in Europe. West European Politics. Vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 309-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2014.887877.
- KITSCHELT, Hebert (1994). The transformation of European social democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- KRIESI, Hanspieter (2014). The populist challenge. West European Politics. Vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 361–378.
- KROUWEL, André (2012). Party transformations in European democracies. Albany: State University of New York Press.
- LUENA LÓPEZ, César; LÓPEZ VEGA, Antonio (2023). De Borrell a Sánchez: 20 años de transformaciones democráticas en el PSOE. Sistema: Revista de Ciencias Sociales. Vol. 2023, no. 268, pp. 3-16.
- MAIR, Peter (2013). Ruling the void: The Hollowing of Western Democracy. Londres: Verso Books.
- MARGETTS, Helen (2006). Cyber parties. In KATZ, Richard; CROTTY, William (eds.). Handbook of party politics. Londres: SAGE
- MCALLISTER, Ian (2007). The Personalization of Politics. In DALTON, Russell; KINGLEMANN, Hans-Dieter (eds.). Oxford handbook of political behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- MELONI, Marco; LUPATO, Fabio G. (2022). Two steps forward, one step back: the evolution of democratic digital innovations in Podemos. South European Society and Politics. Vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 253-278. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2022.2161973.
- MÉNDEZ LAGO, Mónica (2000). La estrategia organizativa del Partido Socialista Obrero Español. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.
- MONTERO, José Ramón; GUNTHER, Richard; LINZ, Juán José (2007). Partidos políticos. Viejos conceptos nuevos retos. Madrid: Trotta.
- POGUNTKE, Thomas; WEBB, Paul (2005). The presidentialization of politics: a comparative study of modern democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- PRZEWORSKI, Adam (2001). How Many Ways Can Be Third? In GLYNN, Andrew (ed.). Social democracy in Europa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- PSOE (2012). Estatutos Federales.
- PSOE (2014). Consulta para la secretaría general del PSOE.
- PSOE (2015). Estatutos Federales.
- PSOE (2016a). Primarias para la elección del candidato a la presidencia del Gobierno.
- PSOE (2016b). Bases para la consulta a la militancia sobre el acuerdo para un Gobierno progresista y reformista.
- PSOE (2017). Bases de convocatoria 39º Congreso Federal.
- PSOE (2017). Estatutos Federales.
- PSOE (2019). Consulta a la militancia. Comisión Ejecutiva Federal.
- PSOE (2021). Estatutos Federales.
- PSOE (2023). Consulta a la militancia. Acuerdo de Gobierno del PSOE para España. Comisión Ejecutiva Federal.
- RAHAT, Gideon; SHAPIRA, Asaf (2017). An intra-party democracy index: Theory, design and a demonstration. Parliamentary affairs. Vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 84-110. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsv068.
- RODRÍGUEZ-TERUEL, Juan; BARRIO, Astrid; BARBERÀ, Oscar (2016). Fast and furious: Podemos Quest for Power in Multi-level Spain. South European Society and Politics. Vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 587-607. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2016.1250397.
- SÁNCHEZ-CUENCA, Ignacio (2012). Años de cambios, años de crisis: ocho años de gobiernos socialistas, 2004–2011. Madrid: Fundación Alternativas.
- SANDRI, Giulia; SEDDONE, Antonella; VENTURINO, Fulvio (2015). Party primaries in comparative perspective. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.
- SANDRI, Giulia; LUPATO, Fabio G.; MELONI, Marco; VON NOSTITZ, Felix; BARBERÀ, Oscar (2024). Mapping the digitalisation of European political parties. Information, Communication & Society, pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2024.2343369.
- SCARROW, Susan (2005). Implementing Intra-Party Democracy. En Johnston, Michael (ed.). Political parties and democracy in theoretical and practical perspectives. National Democratic Institute For International Affairs.
- SCARROW, Susan (2015). Beyond party members. Changing approaches to partisan mobilization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- SCARROW, Susan E.; WEBB, Paul D.; POGUNTKE, Thomas (2022). Intra-party decision-making in contemporary Europe: improving representation or ruling with empty shells? Irish Political Studies. Vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 196-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/07907184.2022.2046430.
- SEMETKO, Holli A. (2016). Parties in the media age. In KATZ, Richard; CROTTY, William (eds.). Handbook of party politics. Londres: SAGE.
- SEZEN, Kama I.; ALPER, Işik (2021). Digital Political Parties as a New Type of Political Party. Istanbul Law Review. Vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 673-698. https://doi.org/10.26650/mecmua.2021.79.2.0008.
- VERGE MESTRE, Tania (2007). Partidos y representación política: Las dimensiones del cambio en los partidos políticos españoles, 1976-2006. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.
- WARD, Stephen (2008). Introduction: parties and election campaigning online: a new era? In OWEN, Diana; DAVIS, Richard; TARAS, Davis (eds.). Making a Difference: A Comparative View of the Role of the Internet in Election Politics. London: Lexington Books.