Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Why Did I Lose My Seat in the United States Congressional Elections? You Didn‘t Advertise Online Enough! Cover

Why Did I Lose My Seat in the United States Congressional Elections? You Didn‘t Advertise Online Enough!

Acta Politologica
Volume 16 (2024): Issue 1 (April 2024)
By: Milan Školník,  Michael Haman and  Anna Marie Nešpůrková  
Open Access
|Apr 2024

References

  1. ABRAMOWITZ, Alan I. (1991). Incumbency, Campaign Spending, and the Decline of Competition in U.S. House Elections. The Journal of Politics. Vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 34–56. https://doi.org/10.2307/2131719.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  2. ABRAMS, Burton A.; SETTLE, Russell F. (2004). Campaign-Finance Reform: A Public Choice Perspective. Public Choice. Vol. 120, no. 3/4, pp. 379–400. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PUCH.0000044289.95084.9b.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  3. AKEY, Pat (2015). Valuing Changes in Political Networks: Evidence from Campaign Contributions to Close Congressional Elections. Review of Financial Studies. Vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 3188–3223. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhv035.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  4. ALVAREZ, R. Michael; SAVING, Jason L. (1997). Deficits, Democrats, and Distributive Benefits: Congressional Elections and the Pork Barrel in the 1980s. Political Research Quarterly. Vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 809–831. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299705000405.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  5. Ballotpedia (2020). Ballotpedia. [accessed 2024-03-01]. Available from WWW: <https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_2020/>.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  6. BEAM, Michael A.; HUTCHENS Myiah J.; HMIELOWSKI, Jay D. (2018). Facebook News and (de)Polarization: Reinforcing Spirals in the 2016 US Election. Information, Communication & Society. Vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 940–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1444783.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  7. BEKAFIGO, Marija; COHEN, Diana; GAINOUS, Jason; WAGNER, Kevin (2013). State Parties 2.0: Facebook, Campaigns, and Elections. The International Journal of Technology, Knowledge, and Society. Vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 99-112. https://doi.org/10.18848/1832-3669/CGP/v09i01/56357.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  8. BOMBARDINI, Matilde; TREBBI, Francesco (2011). Votes or Money? Theory and Evidence from the US Congress. Journal of Public Economics. Vol. 95, no. 7-8, pp. 587-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.11.018.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  9. BORAH, Porismita (2016). Political Facebook Use: Campaign Strategies Used in 2008 and 2012 Presidential Elections. Journal of Information Technology & Politics. Vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 326-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2016.1163519.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  10. BOSSETTA, Michael (2018). The Digital Architectures of Social Media: Comparing Political Campaigning on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat in the 2016 U.S. Election. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. Vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 471-496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018763307.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  11. BOWLER, Shaun; DONOVAN, Todd (2016). Campaign Money, Congress, and Perceptions of Corruption. American Politics Research. Vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 272-295. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X15594232.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  12. BREWSTER, Jack (2020). The ‘Defund The Police’ Movement Is Sweeping The Country—Here’s What It Really Means. Forbes. [accessed 2024-03-01]. Available from WWW: <https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackbrewster/2020/06/09/the-defund-the-police-movement-is-sweeping-the-country-heres-what-it-really-means/?sh=775ce6174d9b>.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  13. CANALES, Katie (2020). AOC Said the Reason Democrats Lost Seats in Congress Is That They Barely Advertised on Facebook and Are Internet Incompetent. Business Insider. [accessed 2024-03-01]. Available from WWW: <https://www.businessinsider.com/aoc-democrats-lost-senate-seats-facebook-ads-2020-11>.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  14. CANTOR, David M.; HERRNSON, Paul S. (1997). Party Campaign Activity and Party Unity in the U. S. House of Representatives. Legislative Studies Quarterly. Vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 393. https://doi.org/10.2307/440322.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  15. CARLISLE, Juliet E.; PATTON, Robert C. (2013). Is Social Media Changing How We Understand Political Engagement? An Analysis of Facebook and the 2008 Presidential Election. Political Research Quarterly. Vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 883-895. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912913482758.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  16. Center for Responsive Politics (2020). OpenSecrets.Org [accessed 2024-03-01]. Available from WWW: <https://www.opensecrets.org/about/>.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  17. CHANDLER, Kim (2020). GOP’s Tuberville Defeats US Sen. Jones, Flips Alabama Seat. Associated Press [accessed 2024-03-01]. Available from WWW: <https://apnews.com/article/alabama-senate-doug-jones-12de1c2cb25720e551f28ddef3e41e67>.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  18. CONFESSORE, Nicholas (2018). Cambridge Analytica and Facebook: The Scandal and the Fallout So Far. The New York Times [accessed 2024-03-01]. Available from WWW: <https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/04/us/politics/cambridge-analytica-scandal-fallout.html>.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  19. COX, Gary W.; MAGAR, Eric (1999). How Much Is Majority Status in the U.S. Congress Worth? American Political Science Review. Vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 299-309. https://doi.org/10.2307/2585397.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  20. DALSGAARD, Steffen (2008). Facework on Facebook: The Presentation of Self in Virtual Life and Its Role in the US Elections. Anthropology Today .Vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 8-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8322.2008.00626.x.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  21. DAWSON, Paul A.; ZINSER, James E. (1976). Political Finance and Participation in Congressional Elections. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol. 425, no. 1, pp. 59-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271627642500105.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  22. DOMMETT, Katharine (2019). The Rise of Online Political Advertising. Political Insight. Vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 12-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041905819891366.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  23. DOMMETT, Katharine; BAKIR, Mehmet Emin (2020). A Transparent Digital Election Campaign? The Insights and Significance of Political Advertising Archives for Debates on Electoral Regulation. Parliamentary Affairs. Vol. 73, Supplement_1, pp. 208-224. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsaa029.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  24. DOMMETT, Katharine; POWER, Sam (2019). The Political Economy of Facebook Advertising: Election Spending, Regulation and Targeting Online. The Political Quarterly. Vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 257-265. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12687.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  25. Facebook Inc. 2020. Ad Library - Facebook [accessed 2024-03-01]. Available from WWW: <https://www.facebook.com/ads/library>.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  26. Federal Election Commission (2020). Mission and History of FEC. [accessed 2024-03-01]. Available from WWW: <https://www.fec.gov/about/mission-and-history/>.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  27. FERGUSON, Thomas; JORGENSEN, Paul; CHEN, Jie (2019). How Money Drives US Congressional Elections: Linear Models of Money and Outcomes. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. Vol. 61, pp. 527-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2019.09.005.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  28. FERNANDES, Juliana; GIURCANU, Magda; BOWERS, Kevin W.; NEELY, Jeffrey C. (2010). The Writing on the Wall: A Content Analysis of College Students’ Facebook Groups for the 2008 Presidential Election. Mass Communication and Society. Vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 653-675. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2010.516865.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  29. FLORES, Maria de los Angeles (2017). Intercandidate Facebook Agenda-Building Effect of Webb County Judge Election Campaigns on the US-Mexico Border. Norteamérica. Vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 173-196. https://doi.org/10.20999//nam.2017.b007.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  30. FONTANA, David (2017). The Geography of Campaign Finance Law. Southern California Law Review. Vol. 90, no. 6, pp. 1247-1297.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  31. FU, Shu; HOWELL, William G. (2020). The Behavioral Consequences of Public Appeals: Evidence on Campaign Fundraising from the 2018 Congressional Elections. Presidential Studies Quarterly. Vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 325-347. https://doi.org/10.1111/psq.12645.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  32. GARRETT, R. Sam (2011). Public Financing of Congressional and Presidential Campaigns Public Financing of Congressional Campaigns: Overview and Analysis. CRS Report: RL33814.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  33. GRONKE, Paul (2010). The Electorate, the Campaign, and the Office: A Unified Approach to Senate and House Elections The Electorate, the Campaign, and the Office: A Unified Approach to Senate and House Elections. Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.16668.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  34. HERNDON, Astead W. (2020). Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez on Biden’s Win, House Losses, and What’s Next for the Left. The New York Times [accessed 2024-03-01]. Available from WWW: <https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/07/us/politics/aoc-biden-progressives.html>.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  35. HUETTEMAN, Emmarie (2020). Longtime Health Advocate Donna Shalala Loses House Reelection Race. Kaiser Health Neaws [accessed 2024-03-01]. Available from WWW: <https://khn.org/news/longtime-health-advocate-donna-shalala-loses-house-reelection-race/>.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  36. JACOBSON, Gary C. (1978). The Effects of Campaign Spending in Congressional Elections. American Political Science Review. Vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 469-491. https://doi.org/10.2307/1954105.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  37. JACOBSON, Gary C. (1985). Money and Votes Reconsidered: Congressional Elections, 1972–1982. Public Choice. Vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 7-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119352.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  38. JACOBSON, Gary C. (2015). It’s Nothing Personal: The Decline of the Incumbency Advantage in US House Elections. The Journal of Politics. Vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 861-873. https://doi.org/10.1086/681670.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  39. JACOBSON, Gary C; CARSON, Jamie L. (2020). The Politics of Congressional Elections. 10th ed. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  40. JOHNSON, Thomas J.; PERLMUTTER, David D. (2010). Introduction: The Facebook Election. Mass Communication and Society. Vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 554-559. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2010.517490.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  41. KIM, Henry A.; LEVECK, Brad L. (2013). Money, Reputation, and Incumbency in U.S. House Elections, or Why Marginals Have Become More Expensive. American Political Science Review. Vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 492-504.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  42. KITCHENS, Karin E.; SWERS, Michele L. (2016). Why Aren’t There More Republican Women in Congress? Gender, Partisanship, and Fundraising Support in the 2010 and 2012 Elections. Politics & Gender. Vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 648-676. http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1743923X1600009X.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  43. KOLODNY, Robin (2011). The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress Campaign Finance in Congressional Elections. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199559947.001.0001.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  44. LITERAT, Ioana; KLIGLER-VILENCHIK, Neta (2023). TikTok as a Key Platform for Youth Political Expression: Reflecting on the Opportunities and Stakes Involved. Social Media + Society. Vol. 9, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231157595.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  45. MACWILLIAMS, Matthew C. (2015). Forecasting Congressional Elections Using Facebook Data. PS: Political Science & Politics .Vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 579-583. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096515000797.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  46. MAGLEBY, David B. (2001). Outside Money in the 2000 Presidential Primaries and Congressional General Elections. Political Science & Politics. Vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 267-275. https://doi.org/10.1017/S104909650100049X.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  47. MASCARO, Christopher M.; NOVAK, Alison N.; GOGGINS, Sean P. (2012). The Daily Brew: The Structural Evolution of the Coffee Party on Facebook during the 2010 United States Midterm Election Season. Journal of Information Technology & Politics. Vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 234–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2012.664955.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  48. MCEVOY, Jemima (2020). ‘Defund The Police’ Cost Democrats Seats In Congress, Says Top House Official. Forbes [accessed 2024-03-01]. Available from WWW: <https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2020/11/08/defund-the-police-cost-democrats-seats-in-congress-says-top-house-official/?sh=62c02b42736f>.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  49. MOORE, Martin (2016). Facebook, the Conservatives and the Risk to Fair and Open Elections in the UK. The Political Quarterly. Vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 424-430. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12291.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  50. PENNINGTON, Natalie; WINFREY, Kelly L.; WARNER, Benjamin R.; KEARNEY, Michael W. (2015). Liking Obama and Romney (on Facebook): An Experimental Evaluation of Political Engagement and Efficacy during the 2012 General Election. Computers in Human Behavior. Vol. 44, pp. 279-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.032.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  51. LA RAJA, Raymond J. (2014). Money in the 2014 Congressional Elections: Institutionalizing a Broken Regulatory System. The Forum. Vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 713-727. https://doi.org/10.1515/for-2014-5032.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  52. ROBERTSON, Scott P.; VATRAPU, Ravi K.; MEDINA, Richard (2010). Off the Wall Political Discourse: Facebook Use in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election. Information Polity. Vol. 15, no. 1,2, pp. 11–31. https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-2010-0196.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  53. ROSSINI, Patrícia, STROMER-GALLEY, Jennifer; ZHANG, Feifei (2020). Exploring the Relationship Between Campaign Discourse on Facebook and the Public’s Comments: A Case Study of Incivility During the 2016 US Presidential Election. Political Studies. Vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 89-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321719890818.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  54. SANCES, Michael W. (2018). Ideology and Vote Choice in U.S. Mayoral Elections: Evidence from Facebook Surveys. Political Behavior. Vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 737-762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-017-9420-x.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  55. SILVA, David E., HUTCHENS, Myiah J.; DONAWAY, Rebecca R.; BEAM, Michael A. (2018). 300 Million Clicks and Political Engagement via Facebook in the 2016 American Presidential Election: How Online Activity Changes Across Time and Sources. Mass Communication and Society. Vol. 21, no. 6, 742-762. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2018.1497660.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  56. SQUIRE, Peverill (1995). Candidates, Money, and Voters-Assessing the State of Congressional Elections Research. Political Research Quarterly. Vol 48, no. 4, pp. 891-917. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299504800412.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  57. THOMSEN, Danielle M.; SWERS, Michele L. (2017). Which Women Can Run? Gender, Partisanship, and Candidate Donor Networks. Political Research Quarterly. Vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 449-463. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912917698044.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  58. U.S. Census Bureau (2023). My Congressional District [accessed 2024-03-01]. Available from WWW: <https://www.census.gov/mycd/>.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  59. U.S. Elections Project (2020). 2020 General Election Early Vote Statistics [accessed 2024-03-01]. Available from WWW: <https://electproject.github.io/Early-Vote-2020G/index.html>.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  60. VITAK, Jessica et al. (2011). It’s Complicated: Facebook Users’ Political Participation in the 2008 Election. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. Vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 107-114. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0226.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  61. WERTHEIMER, Fred (1986). Campaign Finance Reform: The Unfinished Agenda. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol. 486, no. 1, pp. 86-102. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716286486001007.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  62. WILLIAMS, Christine B.; GULATI, Girish J. ‘Jeff’ (2013). Social Networks in Political Campaigns: Facebook and the Congressional Elections of 2006 and 2008. New Media & Society. Vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 52-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812457332.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  63. WOOLLEY, Julia K.; LIMPEROS, Anthony M.; OLIVER, Mary Beth (2010). The 2008 Presidential Election, 2.0: A Content Analysis of User-Generated Political Facebook Groups. Mass Communication and Society. Vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 631-652. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2010.516864.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14712/1803-8220-13_2023 | Journal eISSN: 1803-8220 | Journal ISSN: 1804-1302
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 1 - 17
Published on: Apr 10, 2024
Published by: Charles University, Faculty of Social Sciences
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year
Keywords:
campaign finance,
Democratic Party,
election campaigns,
social media,
transparency,
U.S. election
Related subjects:
History,
Topics in history,
Economic history,
Philosophy,
Political philosophy and social philosophy,
Social sciences,
Sociology,
Political sociology,
Political science,
Political science, other

© 2024 Milan Školník, Michael Haman, Anna Marie Nešpůrková, published by Charles University, Faculty of Social Sciences
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 16 (2024): Issue 1 (April 2024)Next article