Table 1
Genotypes and allele frequencies.
| Gene | SNPa | Mutation Type | Allele 1b | Allele 2 | n 1 (freq)C | n 2 (freq) | n 11 (freq) | n12 (freq) | n 22 (freq) |
| Acads | rs1799958 | missense | G | A | 768 (0.74) | 266 (0.26) | 283 (0.55) | 202 (0.39) | 32 (0.06) |
| Ada | 22G>A | missense | G | A | 978 (0.95) | 56 (0.05) | 461 (0.89) | 56 (0.11) | 0 |
| Adcyap1 | rs2856966 | missense | A | G | 850 (0.82) | 184 (0.18) | 344 (0.67) | 162 (0.31) | 11 (0.02) |
| Arntl | rs6486120 | intronic | G | T | 744 (0.72) | 290 (0.28) | 280 (0.54) | 184 (0.36) | 53 (0.10) |
| rs1982350 | intronic | G | A | 587 (0.57) | 447 (0.43) | 181 (0.35) | 225 (0.44) | 111 (0.21) | |
| rs3816360 | intronic | C | T | 552 (0.53) | 482 (0.47) | 152 (0.29) | 248 (0.48) | 117 (0.23) | |
| rs2278749 | intronic | C | T | 823 (0.80) | 211 (0.20) | 328 (0.63) | 167 (0.32) | 22 (0.04) | |
| rs2290035 | intronic | A | T | 595 (0.58) | 439 (0.42) | 175 (0.34) | 245 (0.47) | 97 (0.19) | |
| Arntl2 | rs7958822 | intronic | G | A | 560 (0.54) | 474 (0.46) | 147 (0.28) | 266 (0.51) | 104 (0.20) |
| rs4964057 | intronic | T | G | 601 (0.58) | 433 (0.42) | 178 (0.34) | 245 (0.47) | 94 (0.18) | |
| rs1037921 | missense | A | G | 947 (0.92) | 87 (0.08) | 433 (0.84) | 81 (0.16) | 3 (0.01) | |
| rs2306074 | intronic | T | C | 668 (0.65) | 366 (0.35) | 213 (0.41) | 242 (0.47) | 62 (0.12) | |
| rs35878285 | mis-sense | A | 1034 (1.00) | 517(1.00) | |||||
| Clock | rs2412646 | intronic | C | T | 760 (0.74) | 274 (0.26) | 280 (0.54) | 200 (0.39) | 37 (0.07) |
| rs11240 | intronic | C | G | 696 (0.67) | 338 (0.33) | 227 (0.44) | 242 (0.47) | 48 (0.09) | |
| rs2412648 | intronic | T | G | 654 (0.63) | 380 (0.37) | 210 (0.41) | 234 (0.45) | 73 (0.14) | |
| rs3805151 | intronic | T | C | 613 (0.59) | 421 (0.41) | 183 (0.35) | 247 (0.48) | 87 (0.17) | |
| Cry2 | rs2863712 | missense | T | 1034 (1.00) | 517(1.00) | ||||
| Drd2 | rs1800497 | missense | G | A | 838 (0.81) | 196 (0.19) | 336 (0.65) | 166 (0.32) | 15 (0.03) |
| rs6277 | silent | G | A | 542 (0.52) | 492 (0.48) | 141 (0.27) | 260 (0.50) | 116 (0.22) | |
| Fdft1 | rs11549147 | missense | A | G | 944 (0.91) | 90 (0.09) | 431 (0.83) | 82 (0.16) | 4 (0.01) |
| Glo1 | rs2736654 | missense | T | G | 662 (0.64) | 372 (0.36) | 207 (0.40) | 248 (0.48) | 62 (0.12) |
| Opn4 | rs1079610 | missense | T | C | 714 (0.69) | 320 (0.31) | 246 (0.48) | 222 (0.43) | 49 (0.09) |
| Ncoa3 | rs6094752 | missense | C | T | 1003 (0.97) | 31 (0.03) | 486 (0.94) | 31 (0.06) | 0 |
| rs2230782 | missense | G | C | 932 (0.9) | 102 (0.1) | 422 (0.82) | 88 (0.17) | 7 (0.01) | |
| rs2230783 | missense | T | 1034 (1.00) | 517(1.00) | |||||
| Npas2 | rs11541353 | missense | C | T | 859 (0.83) | 175 (0.17) | 358 (0.69) | 143 (0.28) | 16 (0.03) |
| rs2305160 | missense | G | A | 727 (0.7) | 307 (0.3) | 252 (0.49) | 223 (0.43) | 42 (0.08) | |
| Npy | rs16139 | missense | T | C | 956 (0.92) | 78 (0.08) | 444 (0.86) | 68 (0.13) | 5 (0.01) |
| Per2 | rs934945 | missense | C | T | 917 (0.89) | 117 (0.11) | 402 (0.78) | 113 (0.22) | 2 (0.004) |
| 10870 | intronic | A | G | 854 (0.83) | 180 (0.17) | 350 (0.68) | 154 (0.30) | 13 (0.03) | |
| rs2304672 | UTR 5' | G | C | 865 (0.84) | 169 (0.16) | 361 (0.70) | 143 (0.28) | 13 (0.03) | |
| S662G | missense | T | 1034 (1.00) | 517(1.00) | |||||
| Plcb4 | rs6077510 | missense | A | G | 552 (0.53) | 482 (0.47) | 142 (0.27) | 268 (0.52) | 107 (0.21) |
| Timeless | rs2291739 | missense | A | G | 624 (0.6) | 410 (0.4) | 193 (0.37) | 238 (0.46) | 86 (0.17) |
| rs2291738 | intronic | C | T | 546 (0.53) | 488 (0.47) | 147 (0.28) | 252 (0.49) | 118 (0.23) | |
| Vip | rs3823082 | intronic | C | T | 854 (0.83) | 180 (0.17) | 351 (0.68) | 152 (0.29) | 14 (0.03) |
| rs688136 | UTR 3' | T | C | 676 (0.65) | 358 (0.35) | 221 (0.43) | 234 (0.45) | 62 (0.12) | |
| Vipr2 | rs885863 | UTR 3' | T | C | 518 (0.50) | 516 (0.50) | 126 (0.24) | 266 (0.51) | 125 (0.24) |
a) dbSNP symbols http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP
b) Alleles extracted from HapMap http://www.HapMap.org
c) Total number of alleles in study sample, frequencies in parenthesis.
Table 2
Results from one-SNP analysis.
| Variable | Gene | SNP | P-value | P-value corrected for multiple testing | Beta-coefficient | 95% CI |
| Fasting blood glucose level (Logarithmic) a | Per2 | #10870 | 0.002 | 0.049 | -0.010 | -0.016–-0.035 |
| Variable | Gene | SNP | P-value | P-value corrected for multiple testing | Odds ratio | 95% CI |
| High blood pressure b | Npas2 | rs11541353 | 0.001 | 0.02 | 0.54 | 0.37–0.79 |
| High blood pressure or hypertension medication c | Npas2 | rs11541353 | <0.001 | 0.015 | 0.53 | 0.36–0.77 |
Single SNPs were analyzed using linear regression for continuous variables and logistic regression for dichotomous variables. Betacoefficients were calculated for continuous variables, odds ratios for dichotomous variables. The sex and age were controlled for these analyses. P-values corrected for multiple testing were calculated.
a) The concentrations of blood glucose (mmol/L) after fasting at least 4 hours and without drinking on the same day. The variable was log-transformed to obtain the normal distribution.
b) The blood pressure was defined high when systolic pressure was 140 mmHg or higher or diastolic pressure was 90 mmHg or higher.
c) High blood pressure (b) or treatment for previously diagnosed hypertension.
Table 3
Single SNP analysis with corrected p- values = 0.10.
| Variable | Gene | SNP | P-value | P-value corrected for multiple testing | Beta- coefficient | 95% CI |
| Fasting blood glucose level (Logarithmic) a | DRD2 | rs6277 | 0.003 | 0.051 | -0.008 | -0.012–-0.003 |
| Waist circumference b | PLCB4 | rs6077510 | 0.004 | 0.085 | 2.0 | 0.63–3.4 |
| Variable | Gene | SNP | P-value | P-value corrected for multiple testing | Odds ratio | 95% CI |
| High waist circumference c | Per2 | rs934945 | 0.003 | 0.062 | 1.9 | 1.2–3.0 |
| Low HDL cholesterol d | Vipr2 | rs885863 | 0.004 | 0.069 | 1.5 | 1.1–2.0 |
| Metabolic syndrome [IDF] f | Per2 | rs934945 | 0.004 | 0.070 | 1.9 | 1.2–2.9 |
Single SNPs were analyzed using linear regression for continuous variables and logistic regression for dichotomous variables. Betacoefficients were calculated for continuous variables, odds ratios for dichotomous variables. The sex and age were controlled for these analyses. P-values corrected for multiple testing were calculated.
a) The concentrations of blood glucose (mmol/L) after fasting at least 4 hours and without drinking on the same day. The variable was log-transformed to obtain the normal distribution.
b) Waist circumference in centimeters
c) Waist circumference 94 cm or more for men or 80 cm or more for women
d) Serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level was considered low when it was lower than 1.02 mmol/l for men or lower than 1.29 mmol/l for women.
f) Metabolic syndrome was assessed using the International Diabetes Federations (IDF) criteria [IDF 2005] and defined as having waistline of 94 cm or more for men or 80 cm or more for women and at least two of the following components: the serum triglycerides level 1.7 mmol/l or higher, the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level lower than 1.02 mmol/l for men or lower than 1.29 mmol/l for women, high blood pressure in terms of systolic pressure 130 mmHg or more or diastolic pressure 85 mmHg or more or treatment for previously diagnosed hypertension and raised fasting plasma glucose level 5.6 mmol/l or higher, or previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes.