Figure 1
TIM protein levels and locomotor activity rhythm in flies receiving heat shock under DD conditions. D. ananassae TIM protein was induced by heat shock at PZT 10.5–11.0 (A) and at PZT 22.5–23.0 (B) in w, tim01, hs-D. ananassae tim flies. Heat shock at 37°C for 30 minutes every day rapidly induced TIM. The dotted lines depict data from non-heat-shocked control flies. (C) and (D) are representative double-plot actgrams of locomotor activitys of transgenic flies that were heat shocked at PZT 10.5–11.0 (C) and PZT 22.5–23.0 (D), respectively. Dark and shaded bars show subjective night and day under DD conditions. Heat shock was applied for 30 minutes at 37°C every day. Arrowheads indicate start point of heat shock.
Figure 2
Mating activities of flies at different times of day. Error bars indicate SEM. Males and females were allowed to mate for 20 min. In each experiment, the male flies were crossed with female flies of the same genotype. (A) Mating activity rhythm of D. melanogaster Canton-S females crossed with D. melanogaster Canton-S males and in D. ananassae HW females crossed with D. ananassae HW males. (B) Mating activities in transgenic w, tim01, hs-D. ananassae tim flies that were heat shocked every day at PZT 10.5–11.0. (C) Mating activities in transgenic w, tim01, hs-D. ananassae tim flies that were heat shocked every day at PZT 22.5–23.0. (D) Mating activity rhythm of heat shocked D. melanogaster wild-type Canton-S female flies crossed with Canton-S males. Both males and females were applied heat shock at PZT 10.5–11.0.
Figure 3
An output model of the mating behavioral rhythm. Outputs of behaviors are regulated by an intrinsic circadian oscillator, a component of which is the tim gene. The locomotor activity rhythm is directly correlated with the timing of TIM protein induction. On the other hand, the mating activity rhythm is regulated by different pathways. Unknown factors may affect the profile of the mating activity rhythm.