Figure 1
Tentative scheme for classification of cis- and trans-yearly periods, based on length and 95% confidence interval (CI), without implication as to mechanisms. Period (τ, dot), with its 95% CI (length of horizontal line), indicated for near and far trans- and cis-yearly components in transdisciplinary, including physical-environmental and biologic spectra, the latter at all levels of organization, from single prokaryote to ecosystems. Circannual (about calendar-yearly) components under usual conditions are defined as components with a τ, the 95% CI of which overlaps the precise yearly τ; trans- and cisannuals are components with a 95% CI of τ not overlapping the precise yearly τ, longer (trans) or shorter (cis) than 1 year, respectively, with distant limits indicated on the scheme. They are subdivided further into near- and far- cis- or transyears, if the 95% CIs are within the limits also shown on this graph.
Table 1
Geomagnetic/Geographic Differences among Cycles with Periods in the Range of 0.8 – 2.0 years Characterizing the Incidence of Sudden Cardiac Death and Myocardial Infarction
| Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD)1* | |||||||||
| Site | Span | T, Δt, N | SC (N) | Period (y) | (95%CI) | Amplitude | (95%CI) | A(% MESOR) | P-value2 |
| Transyear (TY) or Candidate Transyear (cTY) Detected | |||||||||
| Minnesota | 1999–2003 | 5 y, 1 d, 1826 | 343 | 1.392 (TY) | (1.173, 1.611) | 0.042 | (0.00, 0.09) | 22.0 | 0.014 |
| Arkansas | 1999–2003 | 5 y, 1 d, 1826 | 273 | 1.095 | (0.939, 1.251) | 0.032 | (0.00, 0.07) | 21.1 | 0.040 |
| 1.686 (cTY) | (1.293, 2.071) | 0.031 | (0.00, 0.07) | 20.7 | 0.044 | ||||
| Czech Rep. | 1999–2003 | 5 y, 1 d, 1826 | 1006 | 0.974 | (0.856, 1.091) | 0.078 | (0.00, 0.16) | 14.2 | 0.007 |
| 1.759 (cTY) | (1.408, 2.110) | 0.077 | (0.00, 0.15) | 13.9 | 0.010 | ||||
| 1994–2003 | 10 y, 1 d, 3652 | 1792 | 1.726 (TY) | (1.605, 1.848) | 0.074 | (0.02, 0.13) | 15.1 | <0.001 | |
| 1.000 | (0.944, 1.056) | 0.052 | (0.00, 0.10) | 10.6 | 0.010 | ||||
| Candidate Transyear Not Detected | |||||||||
| North Carolina | 1999–2003 | 5 y, 1 d, 1826 | 752 | 0.929 | (0.834, 1.023) | 0.069 | (0.00, 0.14) | 16.9 | 0.007 |
| Tbilisi, Georgia | Nov'99–2003 | 4.1 y, 1 d, 1505 | 130 | 0.988 | (0.862, 1.114) | 0.035 | (0.00, 0.07) | 40.7 | 0.007 |
| Hong Kong | 2001–2003 | 3 y, 1 m, 36 | 52 | 0.843 | (0.651, 1.036) | 0.022 | (NS) | 44.9 | 0.077 |
| Myocardial Infarction (MI) | |||||||||
| Site | Span | T, Δt, N | MI (N) | Period (y) | (95%CI) | Amplitude | (95%CI) | A(% MESOR) | P-value2 |
| Coexisting Year (Circannual) and Transyear (TY) | |||||||||
| Czech Rep. | 1999–2003 | 5 y, 1 d, 1826 | 52598 | 1.014 | (0.989, 1.038) | 2.85 | (2.22, 3.48) | 9.88 | <0.001 |
| 1.354 (TY) | (1.252, 1.456) | 1.35 | (0.69, 2.02) | 4.68 | <0.001 | ||||
| 1994–2003 | 10 y, 1 d, 3652 | 115520 | 0.998 | (0.988, 1.009) | 3.03 | (2.47, 3.60) | 9.58 | <0.001 | |
| 1.453 (TY) | (1.417, 1.489) | 1.91 | (1.34, 2.49) | 6.04 | <0.001 | ||||
| 1.15 (TY) | (1.116, 1.184) | 1.23 | (0.64, 1.82) | 3.88 | <0.001 | ||||
* With focus on transyears with periods longer than 1.0 year.
1International Classification of Disease (ICD10) Code I46.1, excluding MI and sudden death of unknown or unspecified cause (except before 1999). T: Length of data series (y = years); Δt: sampling interval (d = day, m = month); N: number of data (including 0s). Period and 95% confidence interval (CI) estimated by nonlinear least squares. In longer (10-y) series, a neartransyear (cycle with a period between 1.0 and 1.2 y) is detected for MIs in addition to a fartransyear. Brevity of series and lack of ordering statistical significance qualify results from Hong Kong. Note that transyears are found in 3 of 6 locations (P < 0.05 by linear least squares) with a relative amplitude >12 (% of MESOR).
2From linear least squares analysis, not corrected for multiple testing. Amplitude expressed in N/day.[62]
Figure 2
Importance of timing treatment: Phase shift (ΔΦ) of peak expiratory flow (PEF) rhythm as a function of timing of prolonged corticosteroid therapy in children with severe asthma. Drastic differences in direction and extent of drug-induced shift of a circadian acrophase as a function of medication timing. The reference phase (0°) is the phase of PEF of a group of untreated children with asthma in remission. Vertical 95% confidence intervals indicate detection of statistically significant circadian rhythm (by cosinor) [15].
Figure 3
Importance of timing treatment: Phase shift (ΔΦ) of circadian rhythm in urinary potassium excretion as a function of timing of prolonged corticosteroid therapy in children with severe asthma. Drastic differences in direction and extent of drug-induced shift of a circadian acrophase as a function of medication timing. The reference phase (0°) is the phase of urinary potassium excretion of a group of children with moderate asthma not treated by corticosteroid. Vertical 95% confidence intervals indicate detection of statistically significant circadian rhythm (by cosinor) [15].
Figure 4
Importance of timing treatment: Phase shift (ΔΦ) of circadian rhythm in urinary chloride excretion as a function of timing of prolonged corticosteroid therapy in children with severe asthma. Drastic differences in direction and extent of drug-induced shift of a circadian acrophase as a function of medication timing. The reference phase (0°) is the phase of urinary chloride excretion of a group of children with moderate asthma not treated by corticosteroid. Vertical 95% confidence intervals indicate detection of statistically significant circadian rhythm (by cosinor) [15].
Figure 5
"Secular" trends in birth statistics from Minnesota uncovered as putative testable cosmic signatures. Shown are the residuals from second-order polynomial fit. Period (τ), double amplitude (2A) and MESOR (chronome-adjusted mean value) assessed by nonlinear least squares, listed with 95% confidence limits. Birth weight in Minnesota undergoes changes that could be signatures during evolution and/or contemporaneously of the cycle in sunspot bipolarity (N of babies: 2,136,745 = 1,097,283 boys and 1,039,462 girls).
Figure 6
Geographic/geomagnetic differences? Near-antiphase of circadidecadal changes in neonatal body weight (BW) in Minnesota (MN) (N = 2,136,745 babies) or neonatal body weight and length in Denmark (N = 1,166,206 babies). Putative signatures of the Hale bipolarity cycle of sunspots are in antiphase. Did K.F. Gauss anticipate geographic/geomagnetic differences due to the little but close magnet Earth itself, reversing the phase of a putative effect upon the period of the large yet far magnet Sun, when Gauss, like A. von Humboldt, each started mapping geomagnetics at different latitudes?
Figure 7
What we do not see can be more important than the visible: Relative contribution of mainly non-photic (shaded) versus mainly photic (white) spectral components in human neonates. The extent of change (double amplitude) of the non-photic, probably circadidecadal Hale cyclicity, a signature of sunspot bipolarity, can exceed that of the usually solely considered yearly component to the population pattern of human neonatal body length. Amplitude ratios were assessed by the variance of each selected component given as percentage of their sum (top) and as amplitude ratios (bottom). Linearly determined is the relative prominence of biological counterparts of about 21-year (Hale) and about 10.5-year (Schwabe) solar activity cycles, with a 5.25-year harmonic assessed to account for any non-sinusoidality; 0.5-year component is counterpart of geomagnetic disturbance cycle. Meta-analysis of Danish National Birth Registry for all children (N = 1,166,206) born from 1973 to 1994 (The Lancet 1998, 352 (26): 1990).