References
- Adams, R. A. , Huys, Q. J. , & Roiser, J. P. (2016). Computational psychiatry: Towards a mathematically informed understanding of mental illness. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 87(1), 53–63. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2015-310737
- Adams, R. A. , Stephan, K. E. , Brown, H. R. , Frith, C. D. , & Friston, K. J. (2013). The computational anatomy of psychosis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, Article 47. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00047
- Alexander, G. E. , & Crutcher, M. D. (1990). Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: Neural substrates of parallel processing. Trends in Neuroscience, 13, 266–271.
- Alsene, K. M. , & Bakshi, V. P. (2011). Pharmacological stimulation of locus coeruleus reveals a new antipsychotic-responsive pathway for deficient sensorimotor gating. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, 1656–1667. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.47
- Anticevic, A. , Cole, M. W. , Repovs, G. , Murray, J. D. , Brumbaugh, M. S. , Winkler, A. M. , … Glahn, D. C. (2014). Characterizing thalamo-cortical disturbances in schizophrenia and bipolar illness. Cerebral Cortex, 24, 3116–3130. doi:10.1093/cercor/bht165
- Anticevic, A. , Cole, M. W. , Repovs, G. , Savic, A. , Driesen, N. R. , Yang, G. , … Krystal, J. H. (2013). Connectivity, pharmacology, and computation: Toward a mechanistic understanding of neural system dysfunction in schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, Article 169. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00169
- Anticevic, A. , Corlett, P. R. , Cole, M. W. , Savic, A. , Gancsos, M. , Tang, Y. , … Krystal, J. H. (2015). N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist effects on prefrontal cortical connectivity better model early than chronic schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 77, 569–580. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.07.022
- Asarnow, R. F. , & Mann, R. (1978). Size estimation in paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 166(2), 96–103.
- Balogh, Z. , Benedek, G. , & Keri, S. (2008). Retinal dysfunctions in schizophrenia. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 32, 297–300. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.024
- Barnes, S. J. , Sammons, R. P. , Jacobsen, R. I. , Mackie, J. , Keller, G. B. , & Keck, T. (2015). Subnetwork-specific homeostatic plasticity in mouse visual cortex in vivo. Neuron, 86, 1290–1303. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.010
- Bednar, J. A. (2009). Topographica: Building and analyzing map- level simulations from Python, C/C++, MATLAB, NEST, or NEURON components. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics, 3(8). doi:10.3389/neuro.11.008.2009
- Bednar, J. A. (2012). Building a mechanistic model of the development and function of the primary visual cortex. Journal of Physiology. Paris, 106, 194–211. doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2011.12.001
- Bednar, J. A. (2014a). Constructing complex systems via activity-driven unsupervised Hebbian self-organization. In T. Kowaliw , N. Bredeche , & R. Doursat (Eds.), Growing adaptive machines (pp. 201–225). New York, NY: Springer.
- Bednar, J. A. (2014b). Hebbian learning of the statistical and geometrical structure of visual input. In G. Cittri & A. Sarti (Eds.), Neuromathematics of vision (pp. 335–366). New York, NY: Springer.
- Bednar, J. A. , Kelkar, A. , & Miikkulainen, R. (2004). Scaling self-organizing maps to model large cortical networks. Neuroinformatics, 2, 275–302. doi:10.1385/NI:2:3:275
- Bednar, J. A. , & Wilson, S. P. (2016). Cortical maps. Neuroscientist, 22, 604–617.
- Betts, L. R. , Sekuler, A. B. , & Bennett, P. J. (2007). The effects of aging on orientation discrimination. Vision Research, 47, 1769–1780. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2007.02.016
- Boynton, G. M. , Demb, J. B. , Glover, G. H. , & Heeger, D. J. (1999). Neuronal basis of contrast discrimination. Vision Research, 39, 257–269.
- Brandies, R. , & Yehuda, S. (2008). The possible role of retinal dopaminergic system in visual performance. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 611–656. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.09.004
-
Bunney, W. E.,
Jr. , Hetrick, W. P. , Bunney, B. G. , Patterson, J. V. , Jin, Y. , Potkin, S. G. , & Sandman, C. A. (1999). Structured Interview for Assessing Perceptual Anomalies (SIAPA). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25, 577–592. - Butler, P. D. , Martinez, A. , Foxe, J. J. , Kim, D. , Zemon, V. , Silipo, G. , … Javitt, D. C. (2007). Subcortical visual dysfunction in schizophrenia drives secondary cortical impairments. Brain, 130(Pt 2), 417–430. doi:10.1093/brain/awl233
- Butler, P. D. , Silverstein, S. M. , & Dakin, S. C. (2008). Visual perception and its impairment in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 64(1), 40–47. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.023
- Butler, P. D. , Zemon, V. , Schechter, I. , Saperstein, A. M. , Hoptman, M. J. , Lim, K. O. , … Javitt, D. C. (2005). Early-stage visual processing and cortical amplification deficits in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 495–504. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.495
- Cadenhead, K. S. , Dobkins, K. , McGovern, J. , & Shafer, K. (2013). Schizophrenia spectrum participants have reduced visual contrast sensitivity to chromatic (red/green) and luminance (light/dark) stimuli: New insights into information processing, visual channel function, and antipsychotic effects. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article 535. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00535
- Calderone, D. J. , Martinez, A. , Zemon, V. , Hoptman, M. J. , Hu, G. , Watkins, J. E. , … Butler, P. D. (2013). Comparison of psycho physical, electrophysiological, and fMRI assessment of visual contrast responses in patients with schizophrenia. Neuroimage, 67, 153–162. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.019
- Carandini, M. , & Heeger, D. J. (2011). Normalization as a canonical neural computation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13, 51–62. doi:10.1038/nrn3136
- Chawla, D. , Lumer, E. D. , & Friston, K. J. (1999). The relationship between synchronization among neuronal populations and their mean activity levels. Neural Computation, 11, 1389–1411.
- Chen, Y. (2011). Abnormal visual motion processing in schizophrenia: A review of research progress. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 709–715. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr020
- Chen, Y. , Levy, D. L. , Sheremata, S. , Nakayama, K. , Matthysse, S. , & Holzman, P. S. (2003). Effects of typical, atypical, and no antipsychotic drugs on visual contrast detection in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1795–1801. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.10.1795
- Clark, A. (2013). Whatever next? predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 36, 181–204. doi:10.1017/S0140525x12000477
- Coen-Cagli, R. , & Schwartz, O. (2013). The impact on midlevel vision of statistically optimal divisive normalization in V1. Journal of Vision, 13(8). doi:10.1167/13.8.13
- Connolly, J. F. , Gruzelier, J. H. , Manchanda, R. , & Hirsch, S. R. (1983). Visual evoked potentials in schizophrenia: Intensity effects and hemispheric asymmetry. British Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 152–155.
- Corlett, P. R. , Frith, C. D. , & Fletcher, P. C. (2009). From drugs to deprivation: A Bayesian framework for understanding models of psychosis. Psychopharmacology, 206, 515–530. doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1561-0
- Corlett, P. R. , Honey, G. D. , Krystal, J. H. , & Fletcher, P. C. (2011). Glutamatergic model psychoses: Prediction error, learning, and inference. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, 294–315. doi:10.1038/npp.2010.163
- Cutting, J. , & Dunne, F. (1986). The nature of the abnormal perceptual experiences at the onset of schizophrenia. Psychopathology, 19, 347–352.
- Dakin, S. , Carlin, P. , & Hemsley, D. (2005). Weak suppression of visual context in chronic schizophrenia. Current Biology, 15, R822–824. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.10.015
- Davis, G. W. , & Bezprozvanny, I. (2001). Maintaining the stability of neural function: A homeostatic hypothesis. Annual Reviews in Physiology, 63, 847–869. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.847
- DeAngelis, G. C. , Freeman, R. D. , & Ohzawa, I. (1994). Length and width tuning of neurons in the cat’s primary visual cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 71, 347–374.
- Edden, R. A. , Muthukumaraswamy, S. D. , Freeman, T. C. , & Singh, K. D. (2009). Orientation discrimination performance is predicted by GABA concentration and gamma oscillation frequency in human primary visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 15721–215726. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4426-09.2009
- Fish, B. , & Kendler, K. S. (2005). Abnormal infant neurodevelopment predicts schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 15, 348–361. doi:10.1089/cap.2005.15.348
- Friston, K. J. , Stephan, K. E. , Montague, R. , & Dolan, R. J. (2014). Computational psychiatry: The brain as a phantastic organ. Lancet Psychiatry, 1, 148–158. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70275-5
- Frohlich, J. , & Van Horn, J. D. (2014). Reviewing the ketamine model for schizophrenia. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 28, 287–302. doi:10.1177/0269881113512909
- Goodyear, B. G. , Nicolle, D. A. , Humphrey, G. K. , & Menon, R. S. (2000). BOLD fMRI response of early visual areas to perceived contrast in human amblyopia. Journal of Neurophysiology, 84, 1907–1913.
- Green, M. F. , Lee, J. , Wynn, J. K. , & Mathis, K. I. (2011). Visual masking in schizophrenia: Overview and theoretical implications. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 700–708. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr051
- Hackley, S. A. , Woldorff, M. , & Hillyard, S. A. (1990). Cross-modal selective attention effects on retinal, myogenic, brainstem, and cerebral evoked potentials. Psychophysiology, 27, 195–208.
- Hamm, J. P. , Peterka, D. S. , Gogos, J. A. , & Yuste, R. (2017). Altered cortical ensembles in mouse models of schizophrenia. Neuron, 94, 153–167. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.019
- Harauzov, A. , Spolidoro, M. , DiCristo, G. , De Pasquale, R. , Cancedda, L. , Pizzorusso, T. , … Maffei, L. (2010). Reducing intracortical inhibition in the adult visual cortex promotes ocular dominance plasticity. Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 361–371. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2233-09.2010
- Hebert, M. , Gagne, A. M. , Paradis, M. E. , Jomphe, V. , Roy, M. A. , Merette, C. , & Maziade, M. (2010). Retinal response to light in young nonaffected offspring at high genetic risk of neuropsychiatric brain disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 270–274. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.016
- Hebert, M. , Merette, C. , Paccalet, T. , Emond, C. , Gagne, A. M. , Sasseville, A. , & Maziade, M. (2015). Light evoked potentials measured by electroretinogram may tap into the neurodevelopmental roots of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 162, 294–295. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.030
- Herzog, M. H. , & Brand, A. (2015). Visual masking and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 2(2), 64–71.
- Hoffman, R. E. , & McGlashan, T. H. (1993). Parallel distributed processing and the emergence of schizophrenic symptoms. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 19, 119–140.
- Howes, O. D. , & Kapur, S. (2009). The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: Version III—the final common pathway. Schizo phrenia Bulletin, 35, 549–562. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp006
- Hua, T. , Kao, C. , Sun, Q. , Li, X. , & Zhou, Y. (2008). Decreased pro portion of GABA neurons accompanies age-related degradation of neuronal function in cat striate cortex. Brain Research Bulletin, 75, 119–125. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.08.001
- Hua, T. , Li, X. , He, L. , Zhou, Y. , Wang, Y. , & Leventhal, A. G. (2006). Functional degradation of visual cortical cells in old cats. Neurobiology of Aging, 27, 155–162. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.11.012
- Isaacson, J. S. , & Scanziani, M. (2011). How inhibition shapes cortical activity. Neuron, 72, 231–243. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.09.027
- Jutai, J. W. , Gruzelier, J. H. , Connolly, J. F. , Manchanda, R. , & Hirsch, S. R. (1984). Schizophrenia and spectral analysis of the visual evoked potential. British Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 496–501.
- Katzner, S. , Busse, L. , & Carandini, M. (2011). GABAA inhibition controls response gain in visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 5931–5941. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5753-10.2011
- Keane, B. P. , Silverstein, S. M. , Wang, Y. , & Papathomas, T. V. (2013). Reduced depth inversion illusions in schizophrenia are state-specific and occur for multiple object types and viewing conditions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 506–512. doi:10.1037/a0032110
- Keck, T. , Scheuss, V. , Jacobsen, R. I. , Wierenga, C. J. , Eysel, U. T. , Bonhoeffer, T. , & Hubener, M. (2011). Loss of sensory input causes rapid structural changes of inhibitory neurons in adult mouse visual cortex. Neuron, 71, 869–882. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.06.034
- Kegeles, L. S. , Abi-Dargham, A. , Frankle, W. G. , Gil, R. , Cooper, T. B. , Slifstein, M. , … Laruelle, M. (2010). Increased synaptic dopamine function in associative regions of the striatum in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 231–239. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.10
- Kelemen, O. , Kiss, I. , Benedek, G. , & Keri, S. (2013). Perceptual and cognitive effects of antipsychotics in first-episode schizophrenia: The potential impact of GABA concentration in the visual cortex. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 47, 13–19. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.07.024
- Keri, S. , Kelemen, O. , Benedek, G. , & Janka, Z. (2004). Vernier threshold in patients with schizophrenia and in their unaffected siblings. Neuropsychology, 18, 537–542. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.18.3.537
- Keri, S. , Kelemen, O. , Benedek, G. , & Janka, Z. (2005). Lateral interactions in the visual cortex of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1043–1051.
- Keri, S. , Kiss, I. , Kelemen, O. , Benedek, G. , & Janka, Z. (2005). Anomalous visual experiences, negative symptoms, perceptual organization and the magnocellular pathway in schizophrenia: A shared construct? Psychological Medicine, 35, 1445–1455. doi:10.1017/S0033291705005398
- Kirkpatrick, B. , Messias, E. , Harvey, P. D. , Fernandez-Egea, E. , & Bowie, C. R. (2008). Is schizophrenia a syndrome of accelerated aging? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 1024–1032. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm140
- Kiss, I. , Fabian, A. , Benedek, G. , & Keri, S. (2010). When doors of perception open: Visual contrast sensitivity in never-medicated, first-episode schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 586–593. doi:10.1037/a0019610
- Kraehenmann, R. , Vollenweider, F. X. , Seifritz, E. , & Kometer, M. (2012). Crowding deficits in the visual periphery of schizophrenia patients. PLoS One, 7(9), e45884. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045884
- Kwon, M. , Legge, G. E. , Fang, F. , Cheong, A. M. , & He, S. (2009). Adaptive changes in visual cortex following prolonged contrast reduction. Journal of Vision, 9, 201–216. doi:10.1167/9.2.20
- Lavoie, J. , Maziade, M. , & Hebert, M. (2014). The brain through the retina: The flash electroretinogram as a tool to investigate psychi atric disorders. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 48, 129–134. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.09.020
- Marsman, A. , Mandl, R. C. , Klomp, D. W. , Bohlken, M. M. , Boer, V. O. , Andreychenko, A. , … Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2014). GABA and glutamate in schizophrenia: A 7 T (1)H-MRS study. Neuro Image: Clinical, 6, 398–407. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.10.005
- Marsman, A. , van den Heuvel, M. P. , Klomp, D. W. , Kahn, R. S. , Luijten, P. R. , & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2013). Glutamate in schizophrenia: A focused review and meta-analysis of (1)H-MRS studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39, 120–129. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr069
- Meng, J. , Liu, R. , Wang, K. , Hua, T. , Lu, Z. L. , & Xi, M. (2013). Neural correlates of stimulus spatial frequency-dependent contrast detection. Experimental Brain Research, 225, 377–385. doi:10.1007/s00221-012-3378-z
- Miikkulainen, R. , Bednar, J. A. , Choe, Y. , & Sirosh, J. (2005). Computational maps in the visual cortex. New York, NY: Springer.
- Mitelman, S. A. , & Buchsbaum, M. S. (2007). Very poor outcome schizophrenia: Clinical and neuroimaging aspects. International Review of Psychiatry, 19, 345–357. doi:10.1080/09540260701486563
- Montague, P. R. , Dolan, R. J. , Friston, K. J. , & Dayan, P. (2012). Computational psychiatry. Trends in Cognitive Science, 16, 72–80. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.018
- O’Donnell, B. F. , Bismark, A. , Hetrick, W. P. , Bodkins, M. , Vohs, J. L. , & Shekhar, A. (2006). Early stage vision in schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 86, 89–98. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.05.016
- Olman, C. , Ronen, I. , Ugurbil, K. , & Kim, D. S. (2003). Retinotopic mapping in cat visual cortex using high-field functional magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 131, 161–170.
- Olman, C. A. , Ugurbil, K. , Schrater, P. , & Kersten, D. (2004). BOLD fMRI and psychophysical measurements of contrast response to broadband images. Vision Research, 44, 669–683.
- Olypher, A. V. , Klement, D. , & Fenton, A. A. (2006). Cognitive dis organization in hippocampus: A physiological model of the disorganization in psychosis. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 158–168. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2064-05.2006
- Phillips, W. A. , Clark, A. , & Silverstein, S. M. (2015). On the functions, mechanisms, and malfunctions of intracortical contextual modulation. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 52, 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.02.010
- Phillips, W. A. , & Silverstein, S. M. (2003). Convergence of biological and psychological perspectives on cognitive coordi nation in schizophrenia. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 26, 65–82. (Discussion pp. 82–137)
- Phillipson, O. T. , & Harris, J. P. (1985). Perceptual changes in schizophrenia: A questionnaire survey. Psychological Medicine, 15, 859–866.
- Poels, E. M. , Kegeles, L. S. , Kantrowitz, J. T. , Javitt, D. C. , Lieberman, J. A. , Abi-Dargham, A. , & Girgis, R. R. (2014). Glutamatergic abnormalities in schizophrenia: A review of proton MRS findings. Schizophrenia Research, 152, 325–332. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.12.013
- Rivolta, D. , Castellanos, N. P. , Stawowsky, C. , Helbling, S. , Wibral, M. , Grutzner, C. , … Uhlhaas, P. J. (2014). Source-reconstruction of event-related fields reveals hyperfunction and hypofunction of cortical circuits in antipsychotic-naive, first-episode schizophrenia patients during Mooney face processing. Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 5909–5917. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3752-13.2014
- Rivolta, D. , Heidegger, T. , Scheller, B. , Sauer, A. , Schaum, M. , Birkner, K. , … Uhlhaas, P. J. (2015). Ketamine dysregulates the amplitude and connectivity of high-frequency oscillations in cortical-subcortical networks in humans: Evidence from resting-state magnetoencephalography-recordings.Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41, 1105–1114. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv051
- Rochester, N. , Holland, J. H. , Haibt, L. H. , & Duda, W. L. (1956). Tests on a cell assembly theory of the action of the brain, using a large digital computer. IRE Transactions on Information Theory, 2, 80–93.
- Rokem, A. , Yoon, J. H. , Ooms, R. E. , Maddock, R. J. , Minzenberg, M. J. , & Silver, M. A. (2011). Broader visual orientation tuning in patients with schizophrenia. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5, Article 127. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00127
- Rosenzweig, N. (1959). Sensory deprivation and schizophrenia: Some clinical and theoretical similarities. American Journal of Psychiatry, 116, 326–329. doi:10.1176/ajp.116.4.326
- Sceniak, M. P. , Hawken, M. J. , & Shapley, R. (2001). Visual spatial characterization of macaque V1 neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 85, 1873–1887.
- Schallmo, M. P. , Sponheim, S. R. , & Olman, C. A. (2013). Abnormal contextual modulation of visual contour detection in patients with schizophrenia. PLoS One, 8(6), e68090. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068090
- Schallmo, M. P. , Sponheim, S. R. , & Olman, C. A. (2015). Reduced contextual effects on visual contrast perception in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Psychological Medicine, 45, 3527–3537. doi:10.1017/S0033291715001439
- Schechter, I. , Butler, P. D. , Jalbrzikowski, M. , Pasternak, R. , Saperstein, A. M. , & Javitt, D. C. (2006). A new dimension of sensory dysfunction: Stereopsis deficits in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 1282–1284. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.064
- Schechter, I. , Butler, P. D. , Zemon, V. M. , Revheim, N. , Saperstein, A. M. , Jalbrzikowski, M. , … Javitt, D. C. (2005). Impairments in generation of early-stage transient visual evoked potentials to magno- and parvocellular-selective stimuli in schizophrenia. Clinical Neurophysiology, 116, 2204–2215. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2005.06.013
- Schiffman, J. , Maeda, J. A. , Hayashi, K. , Michelsen, N. , Sorensen, H. J. , Ekstrom, M. , … Mednick, S. A. (2006). Premorbid childhood ocular alignment abnormalities and adult schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 81, 253–260. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.08.008
- Schubert, E. W. , Henriksson, K. M. , & McNeil, T. F. (2005). A prospective study of offspring of women with psychosis: Visual dysfunction in early childhood predicts schizophrenia-spectrum disorders in adulthood. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112, 385–393. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00584.x
- Selemon, L. D. , Rajkowska, G. , & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1995). Abnormally high neuronal density in the schizophrenic cortex: A morphometric analysis of prefrontal area 9 and occipital area 17. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 805–818. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950220015005
- Shagass, C. , & Roemer, R. (1991). Evoked potential topography in unmedicated and medicated schizophrenics. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 10, 213–224.
- Shagass, C. , Straumanis, J. J. , & Roemer, R. A. (1982). Psychotropic drugs and evoked potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology Supplement, 36, 538–548.
- Shelley, A. M. , Silipo, G. , & Javitt, D. C. (1999). Diminished responsiveness of ERPs in schizophrenic subjects to changes in auditory stimulation parameters: Implications for theories of cortical dysfunction. Schizophrenia Research, 37, 65–79.
- Shoshina, I. I. , Shelepin, Y. E. , Vershinina, E. A. , & Novikova, K. O. (2015). The spatial-frequency characteristics of the visual system in schizophrenia. Human Physiology, 41, 251–260.
- Silverstein, S. M. (2016). Visual perception disturbances in schizo phrenia: A unified model. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 63, 77–132.
- Silverstein, S. M. , All, S. D. , Thompson, J. L. , Williams, L. M. , Whitford, T. J. , Nagy, M. , … Gordon, E. (2012). Absolute level of gamma synchrony is increased in first-episode schizophrenia during face processing. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 3, 702–723.
- Silverstein, S. M. , Demmin, D. L. , & Bednar, J. A. (2017). Appendices to “Computational modeling of contrast sensitivity and orientation tuning in first-episode and chronic schizophrenia.” Computational Psychiatry, 1, 102–131. doi:10.1162/cpsy_a_00005
- Silverstein, S. M. , & Keane, B. P. (2011). Perceptual organization impairment in schizophrenia and associated brain mechanisms: Review of research from 2005 to 2010. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 690–699. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr052
- Silverstein, S. M. , Keane, B. P. , Wang, Y. , Mikkilineni, D. , Paterno, D. , Papathomas, T. V. , … Feigenson, K. (2013). Effects of short-term inpatient treatment on sensitivity to a size contrast illusion in first-episode psychosis and multiple-episode schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article 466. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00466
- Silverstein, S. M. , Moghaddam, B. , & Wykes, T. (2014). Research strategies and priorities to improve the lives of people with schizophrenia: Executive summary of the Ernst Strungmann Forum on schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40, 259–265. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt238
- Silverstein, S. M. , & Rosen, R. (2015). Schizophrenia and the eye. Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 2(2), 46–55. doi:10.1016/j.scog.2015.03.004
- Skottun, B. C. , & Skoyles, J. R. (2007). Contrast sensitivity and magnocellular functioning in schizophrenia. Vision Research, 47, 2923–2933. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2007.07.016
- Skottun, B. C. , & Skoyles, J. R. (2013). Is vision in schizophrenia characterized by a generalized reduction? Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article 999. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00999
- Slaghuis, W. L. (1998). Contrast sensitivity for stationary and drifting spatial frequency gratings in positive- and negative-symptom schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 49–62.
- Slifstein, M. , van de Giessen, E. , Van Snellenberg, J. , Thompson, J. L. , Narendran, R. , Gil, R. , . . . Abi-Dargham, A. (2015). Deficits in prefrontal cortical and extrastriatal dopamine release in schizophrenia: A positron emission tomographic functional magnetic resonance imaging study. JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 316–324. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2414
- Smith, D. , Pantelis, C. , McGrath, J. , Tangas, C. , & Copolov, D. (1997). Ocular abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia: Clinical implications. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 252–256.
- Stevens, J. L. , Law, J. S. , Antolik, J. , & Bednar, J. A. (2013). Mechanisms for stable, robust, and adaptive development of orientation maps in the primary visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 15747–15766. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1037-13.2013
- Straumanis, J. J. , Shagass, C. , & Roemer, R. A. (1982). Influence of antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs on evoked potential correlates of psychosis. Biological Psychiatry, 17, 1101–1122.
- Sun, L. , Castellanos, N. , Grutzner, C. , Koethe, D. , Rivolta, D. , Wibral, M. , … Uhlhaas, P. J. (2013). Evidence for dysregulated high-frequency oscillations during sensory processing in medication-naive, first episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 150, 519–525. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.08.023
- Taylor, S. F. , & Tso, I. F. (2015). GABA abnormalities in schizophrenia: A methodological review of in vivo studies. Schizophrenia Research, 167, 84–90. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.011
- Thakkar, K. N. , Rosler, L. , Wijnen, J. P. , Boer, V. O. , Klomp, D. W. , Cahn, W. , … Neggers, S. F. (2016). 7T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and glutamine reveals altered concentrations in patients with schizophrenia and healthy siblings. Biological Psychiatry, 81, 525–535. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.04.007
- Thiele, A. , Pooresmaeili, A. , Delicato, L. S. , Herrero, J. L. , & Roelfsema, P. R. (2009). Additive effects of attention and stimulus contrast in primary visual cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 2970–2981. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp070
- Thoreson, W. B. , Babai, N. , & Bartoletti, T. M. (2008). Feedback from horizontal cells to rod photoreceptors in vertebrate retina. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 5691–5695. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0403-08.2008
- Turetsky, B. I. , Kohler, C. G. , Indersmitten, T. , Bhati, M. T. , Charbonnier, D. , & Gur, R. C. (2007). Facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia: When and why does it go awry? Schizophrenia Research, 94, 253–263. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.05.001
- Turrigiano, G. (2011). Too many cooks? Intrinsic and synaptic homeostatic mechanisms in cortical circuit refinement. Annual Reviews in Neuroscience, 34, 89–103. doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153238
- Vaingankar, V. , Soto-Sanchez, C. , Wang, X. , Sommer, F. T. , & Hirsch, J. A. (2012). Neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus are selective for diverse and complex visual features. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 6, Article 118. doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00118
- Van Opstal, F. , Van Laeken, N. , Verguts, T. , van Dijck, J. P. , De Vos, F. , Goethals, I. , … Fias, W. (2014). Correlation between individual differences in striatal dopamine and in visual consciousness. Current Biology, 24, R265–266. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.001
- Van Rheenen, T. E. , Cropley, V. , Zalesky, A. , Bousman, C. , Wells, R. , Bruggemann, J. , … Pantelis, C. (in press). Widespread volumetric reductions in schizophrenia and schizoaffective patients displaying compromised cognitive abilities. Schizophrenia Bulletin.
- Verguts, T. , & Notebaert, W. (2009). Adaptation by binding: A learning account of cognitive control. Trends in Cognitive Science, 13, 252–257. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.02.007
- Viertio, S. , Laitinen, A. , Perala, J. , Saarni, S. I. , Koskinen, S. , Lonnqvist, J. , & Suvisaari, J. (2007). Visual impairment in persons with psychotic disorder. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42, 902–908. doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0252-6
- von der Malsburg, C. (1973). Self-organization of orientation sensitive cells in the striate cortex. Kybernetik, 14(2), 85–100.
- Wang, X. J. , & Krystal, J. H. (2014). Computational psychiatry. Neuron, 84, 638–654. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.018
- Wang, Z. , Yao, Z. , Yuan, N. , Liang, Z. , Li, G. , & Zhou, Y. (2014). Declined contrast sensitivity of neurons along the visual pathway in aging cats. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6, Article 163. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00163
- Waters, F. , Collerton, D. , Ffytche, D. H. , Jardri, R. , Pins, D. , Dudley, R. , … Laroi, F. (2014). Visual hallucinations in the psychosis spectrum and comparative information from neurodegenerative disorders and eye disease. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(Suppl. 4), 233–245. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu036
- Weckowicz, T. E. , Sommer, R. , & Hall, R. (1958). Distance constancy in schizophrenic patients. Journal of Mental Science, 104, 1174–1182.
- Witkovsky, P. (2004). Dopamine and retinal function. Documenta Ophthalmologica, 108, 17–40.
- Xue, M. , Atallah, B. V. , & Scanziani, M. (2014). Equalizing excitation-nhibition ratios across visual cortical neurons. Nature, 511, 596–600. doi:10.1038/nature13321
- Yamamoto, K. , & Hornykiewicz, O. (2004). Proposal for a noradrenaline hypothesis of schizophrenia. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 28, 913–922. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.05.033
- Yoon, J. H. , Maddock, R. J. , Rokem, A. , Silver, M. A. , Minzenberg, M. J. , Ragland, J. D. , & Carter, C. S. (2010). GABA concen tration is reduced in visual cortex in schizophrenia and cor relates with orientation-specific surround suppression. Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 3777–3781. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6158-09.2010
- Yu, S. , Wang, Y. , Li, X. , Zhou, Y. , & Leventhal, A. G. (2006). Functional degradation of extrastriate visual cortex in senescent rhesus monkeys. Neuroscience, 140, 1023–1029. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.01.015
- Zhou, J. , Shi, X. M. , Peng, Q. S. , Hua, G. P. , & Hua, T. M. (2011). Decreased contrast sensitivity of visual cortical cells to visual stimuli accompanies a reduction of intracortical inhibition in old cats. Zoological Research, 32, 533–539. http://www.zoores.ac.cn/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1141.2011.05533
