Separating remote fetch and local mixing influences on vertical radon measurements in the lower atmosphere
References
-
Allegrini
, I., Febo, A., Pasini, A.and Schiarini, S. 1994. Monitoring of the nocturnal mixed layer by means of particulate radon progeny measurement. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 18. -
Banta
, R. M., Mahrt, L., Vickers, D., Sun, J., Balsley, B. B.. 2007. The very stable boundary layer on nights with weak low-level jets.. 64, 3068- 3090. -
Beck
, H. L.and Gogolak, C. V. 1979. Time-dependent calculations of the vertical distribution of 222Rn and its decay products in the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 3139– 3148. -
Butterweck
, G., Reinelcing, A., Kesten, J.and Porstendorfer, J. 1994. The use of the natural radioactive noble gases radon and thoron as tracers for the study of turbulent exchange in the atmospheric boundary layer: case study in and above a wheat field. Atmos. Environ. 28, 1963– 1969. -
Clements
, W. E.and Wilkening, M. H. 1974. Atmospheric pressure effects on 222Ril transport across the earth-air interface. J. Geophys. Res. 79, 2654– 2668. -
Cohen
, L. D., Barr, S., Krablin, R.and Newstein, H. 1972. Steady-state vertical turbulent diffusion of radon. J. Geophys. Res. 77, 2654– 2668. -
Draxler
, R. R.and Hess, G. D. 1998. An overview of the HYSPLIT-4 modelling system for trajectories, dispersion and deposition. AusL MeteoroL Mag. 47, 295– 308. -
Druilhet
, A., Guedalia, D.and Fontan, J. 1980. Use of natural radioactive tracers for the determination of vertical exchanges in the planetary boundary layer.In: Natural Radiation Environment III. Volume 1(eds. Thomasand Wayne). U. S. Department of Energy DOE Symposium series, 226– 241. -
Dueñas
, C., Perez, M., Fernandez, M. C.and Carretero, J. 1996. Radon concentrations in surface air and vertical atmospheric stability of the lower atmosphere. J. Environ. Radioact. 31, 87– 102. -
Fernando
, H. J. S.and Weil, J. C. 2010. Whither the stable boundary layer? A shift in the Research Agenda. Bull. Am. MeteoroL Soc. 91, 1475– 1484. -
Fontan
, J., Birot, A., Blanc, D., Bouville, A.and Druilhet, A. 1966. Measurement of the diffusion of radon, thoron and their radioactive daughter products in the lower layers of the Earth's atmosphere. Tellus, 623– 632. -
Gogolak
, C. V.and Beck, H. L. 1980. Diurnal variations of radon daugh-ter concentrations in the lower atmosphere.In: Natural Radiation Environment III. Volume 1(eds. Thomasand Wayne). U. S. Department of Energy DOE Symposium series, 259– 280. -
Gras
, L. L.and Whittlestone, S. 1992. Radon and CN: complementary tracers of polluted air masses at coastal and island sites. J. RadioanaL NucL Chem. 161( 1), 293– 306. -
Griffiths
, A. D., Zahorowski, W., Element, A.and Werczynski, S. 2010. A map of radon flux at the Australian land surface. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 8969– 8982, doi: 10.5194/acp-10-8969-2010. -
Guedalia
, D., N' Tsila, A., Druilhet, A.and Fontan, J. 1980. Monitoring of the atmospheric stability above an urban and suburban site using sodar and radon measurements. J. Appl. Meteorol. 19, 839– 848. -
Holtslag
, A. A. M.and Boville, B. A. 1993. Local versus nonlo-cal boundary-layer diffusion in a global climate model. J. Clim. 6, 1825– 1842. -
Hosler
, C. R. 1968. Urban-rural climatology of atmospheric radon con-centrations. J. Geophys. Res. 73, 1155– 1166. -
Hosler
, C. R. 1969. Vertical diffusivity from radon profiles. J. Geophys. Res. 74, 7018– 7026. -
Hsu
, S. A., Larson, R. E.and Bressan, D. J. 1980. Diurnal variations of radon and mixing heights along a coast: a case study (Gulf Coast). J. Geophys. Res. 85, 4107– 4110. -
Israel
, H. 1951. Radioactivity of the atmosphere. In:(ed. T. F.). Am. Meteorol. Soc., Washington, DC, 155- 161. -
Israel
, H., Hobert, M.and Israel, G. W. 1966. Results of continuous mea-surements of radon and its decay products in the lower atmosphere. Tellus, 638– 641. -
Israelsson
, S. 1978. Meteorological influences on atmospheric radioac-tivity and its effects on the electrical environment.In: Natural Radi-ation Environment III. Volume 1(eds. Thomasand Wayne). U. S. Department of Energy DOE Symposium series; 51, 210– 225. -
Jacobi
, W.and Andre, K. 1963. The vertical distribution of Rn-222, Rn-220 and their decay products in the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 68, 3799– 3814. -
Kataolca
, T., Yunolci, E., Shimizu, M., Mori, T., Tsukamoto, O.. 2003. Concentrations of 222Ril, its short-lived daughters and 212Pb and their ratios under complex atmospheric conditions and topography.. 107, 219- 249. -
Kumar
, A. V, Sitaraman, V., Oza, R. B.and Krishnamoorthy, T. M. 1999. Application of a numerical model for the planetary boundary layer to the vertical distribution of radon and its daughter products. Atmos. Environ. 33, 4717– 4726. -
Lambert
, G., Polian, G., Sanak, J., Ardouin, B., Buisson, A.. 1982. Cycle du radon et de ses descentants: application a P etude des echanges troposphere-stratosphere.. 38, 497- 531. -
Leach
, V. A.and Chandler, W. P. 1992. Atmospheric dispersion of radon gas and its decay products under stable conditions in arid regions of Australia. Environ. Monit. Assess. 20, 1– 17. -
Li
, T.-Y. 1974. Diurnal variations of radon and meteorological variables near the ground. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 7, 185– 198. -
Mahrt
, L. 1999. Stratified atmospheric boundary layers. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 90, 375– 396. -
Mahrt
, L.and Vickers, D. 2006. Extremely weak mixing in stable con-ditions. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 119, 19– 39. -
Malalchov
, S. G., Balculin, V. N., Dmitrieva, G. V., Kirichenlco, L. V., Sisigina, T. L.. 1966. Diurnal variations of radon and thoron decay product concentrations in the surface layer of the atmo-sphere and their washout by precipitations., 643- 654. -
Martens
, C. S., Shay, T. J., Mendlovitz, H. P., Matross, D. M., Saleska, S. R.. 2004. Radon fluxes in tropical forest ecosystems of Brazilian Amazonia: night-time CO2 net ecosystem exchange de-rived from radon and eddy covariance methods.. 10, 618- 629. -
Moses
, H., Stehney, A. F.and Lucas, H. E J. 1960. The effect of me-teorological variables upon the vertical and temporal distributions of atmospheric radon. J. Geophys. Res. 65, 1223– 1238. -
Nagaraja
, K., Prasad, B. S. N., Madhava, M. S., Chandrashekara, M. S., Paramesh, L.. 2003. Radon and its short-lived progeny: variations near the ground.. 36, 413- 417. -
Newstein
, H., Cohen, L. D.and Krablin, R. 1971. An automated atmo-spheric radon sampling system. Atmos. Environ. 5, 175– 181. -
Pearson
, J.E.and Moses, H. 1966. Atmospheric radon-222 concentration variation with height and time. J. AppL Meteorol. 5, 175– 181. -
Perrino
, C., Catrambone, M.and Pietrodangelo, A. 2008. Influence of atmospheric stability on the mass concentration and chemical compo-sition of atmospheric particles: a case study in Rome, Italy. Environ. Int. 34, 621– 628. -
Porstendorfer
, J., Butterweck, G.and Reinelcing, A. 1991. Diurnal vari-ation of the concentrations of radon and its short-lived daughters in the atmosphere near the ground. Atmos. Environ. 25A, 709– 713. -
Pun
, K., Dietachmayer, G. S., Mills, G. A., Davidson, N. E., Bowen, R. A.. 1998. The new BMRC Limited Area Prediction System, LAPS.. 47, 203- 223. -
Schery
, S. D., Gaeddert, D. H.and Wilkening, M. H. 1984. Factors affecting exhalation of radon from a gravelly sandy loam. J. Geophys. Res. 89, 7299– 7309. -
Servant
, J. 1966. Temporal and spatial variations of the concentration of the short-lived decay products of radon in the lower atmosphere. Tellus, 663– 670. -
Sisigina
, T. L. 1964. Vertical distribution of radon in the boundary layer of the atmosphere (0-300m) in connection with changing meteorolog-ical conditions. lzvest. Akad. Nauk. S. S. S. R. Ser Geofiz. 3, 414– 421. -
Sorbjan
, Z. 2006. Local structure of turbulence in stably stratified bound-ary layers.. 63, 1526– 1537. -
Thomas
, J. W.and Leclare, P. C. 1970. A study of the two-filter method for radon-222. Health Phys. 18, 113– 122. -
Trumbore
, S. E., Keller, M., Wofsy, S. C.and Da Costa, J. M. 1990. Measurements of soil and canopy exchange rates in the Amazon rain forest using 222Ril. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 16. -
Turelcian
, K. K., Nozalci, Y.and Benninger, L. K. 1977. Geochemistry of atmospheric radon and radon products. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 5, 227– 255. -
Ussler
, W. I., Chanton, J. P., Kelley, C. A.and Martens, C. S. 1994. Radon 222 tracing of soil and forest canopy trace gas exchange in an open canopy boreal forest. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 1953– 1963. -
Vesala
, T., Kljun, N., Rannilc, U., Rinne, J., Sogachev, A.. 2008. Flux and concentration footprint modelling., 653- 666. -
Wigand
, A.and Wenlc, F. 1928. Der gehalt der luft an radium-emanation, nach messungen bei flugzeugaufstiegen. Ann. Lpz. Phys. (Annalen der Physik), 657– 686. -
Wilkening
, M. H.and Clements, W. E. 1975. Radon-222 from the ocean surface. J. Geophys. Res. 80, 3829– 3830. -
Williams
, A. G., Chambers, S. D., Zahorowski, W., Crawford, J., Mat-sumoto, K.. 2009. Estimating the Asian radon flux density and its latitudinal gradient in winter using ground-based radon observations at Sado Island., 732- 746. -
Williams
, A. G., Zahorowski, W., Chambers, S. D.and Griffiths, A. 2011. The vertical distribution of radon in clear and cloudy daytime terrestrial boundary layers.. 68, 155– 174. -
Zahorowski
, W.and Whittlestone, S. 1996. A fast portable emanometer for field measurement of radon and thoron flux. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 67, 109– 120. -
Zahorowski
, W., Chambers, S., Wang, T., Kang, C.-H., Uno, I.. 2005. Radon-222 in boundary layer and free tropo-spheric continental outflow events at three ACE-Asia sites., 124- 140.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00565.x | Journal eISSN: 1600-0889
Language: English
Page range: 843 - 859
Submitted on: Mar 2, 2011
Accepted on: Jun 3, 2011
Published on: Jan 1, 2011
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 2011 S. Chambers, A. G. Williams, W. Zahorowski, A. Griffiths, J. Crawford, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.