Water-soluble organic compounds (WSOCs) in PM2.5 and PM10 at a subtropical site of India

Puja Khare; B.P. Baruah; P.G. Rao

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00564.x

Water-soluble organic compounds (WSOCs) in PM2.5 and PM10 at a subtropical site of India

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

Volume 63 (2011): Issue 5

By: Puja Khare, B.P. Baruah and P.G. Rao

Open Access

|Jan 2011

Abstract

PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ samples collected at a suburban site of northeastern part of India have been analysed for particle mass, total carbon (TC), water-soluble total carbon (WSTC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water-soluble inorganic carbon (WSIC), organic acids (formic, acetic, proponoic and oxalic acids) along with inorganic ions (NO₃ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻ and NH₄ ⁻). Most of the PM10 consists of PM_2.5 in the present site (ratio 54–74%). WSTC content in PM2.5 and PM10 corresponds to 21% and 16%, respectively, of their total particle masses. Thermo gravimetric analysis showed the presence of humic-like substances (16–22%) in particulate samples. Domestic heating and stagnant atmospheric conditions enhanced the levels of these carbonaceous compounds in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in winter. Qualitative estimation of various functional groups by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicates the presence of carboxylic, hydroxyl, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, amines and sulphurous compounds in these aerosols. Absolute principal component analysis applied on the aerosol data resolves four factors. These factors are associated with carbonaceous aerosols released from combustion of coal and wood, secondary inorganic and organic aerosols and water-soluble inorganic fraction

References

APHA . 1992 . Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater , 18th Edition . American Public Health Association , Washington, DC .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
ASTM . 1991 . Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analyses, 6th Edition . Baltimore , MD .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Badarinath , K. V. S. , Madhavi Latha , K. , Chand K. T. R. and Gupta P. K . 2009 . Impact of biomass burning on aerosol properties over tropical wet evergreen forests of Arunachal Pradesh, India . Atmos.Res . 91 , 87 – 93 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bhargava , A. , Khanna , R. N. , Bhargava , S. K. and Kumar , S . 2004 . Ex-posure risk to carcinogenic PAHs in indoor air during biomass com-bustion whilst cooking in rural India . Atmos. Environ . 38 , 4761 – 4767 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cao , J. J. , Lee , S. C. , Ho , K. F. , Zou , S. C. , Fung , K. and co-authors . 2004 . Spatial and seasonal variations of atmospheric organic carbon and elemental carbon in Pearl River Delta Region, China Spatial and seasonal variations of atmospheric organic carbon and elemental carbon in Pearl River Delta Region, China. Atmos. Environ . 38 , 4447 - 4456 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Central Pollution Control Board , 2007. Ambient air quality status of India-2007.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chalcraborty , A. and Gupta , T . 2009 . Chemical characterization of sub-micron aerosol in Kanpur region: a source apportionment study . Int. J. Env. Ac. Eng . 1 , 19 – 27 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chan , T. W. and Mozurkewich , M . 2007 . Application of absolute prin-cipal component analysis to size distribution data: identification of particle origins . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 7 , 887 – 897 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chebbi , A. , and Carlier , P . 1996 . Carboxylic acids in the tropo-sphere, occurrence, sources, and sinks: a review . Atmos. Environ . 30 , 4233 – 4249 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chowdhury , Z. , Zheng , M. , Schauer , J. J. , Sheesley , R. J. , Salmon , L. G. and co-authors . 2007 . Speciation of ambient fine organic carbon par-ticles and source apportionment of PM2.5 in Indian cities. J. Geophys. Res . 112 , D15303 , doi: 10.1029/2007JD0083861-14 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Claeys M. , Graham B. , Vas G. , Wang W. , Vermeylen R. and co-authors . 2004 . Formation of secondary organic aerosols through photooxida-tion of isoprene. Science 303 , 1173 - 1176 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dron J. , Abidi E. , Haddad I. , Marchand N. and Wortham H . 2008 . Pre-cursor ion scanning-mass spectrometry for the determination of nitro functional groups in atmospheric particulate organic matter . Analytica Chimica Acta . 618 , 184 – 195 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Duarte , R. M. B. O. and Duarte , A. C . 2008 . Thermogravimetric char-acteristics of water-soluble organic matter from atmospheric aerosols collected in a rural-coastal area . Atmos. Environ . 42 , 6670 – 6678 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Duarte , R. M. B. O. , Santos , E. B. H. , Pio , C. A. and Duarte , A. C . 2007 . Comparison of structural features of water-soluble organic com-pounds from atmospheric aerosols with those of aquatic humic sub-stances . Atmos. Environ . 41 , 8100 – 8113 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ervens B. , Nenes A. , Nielsen C. J. , Swietlicki E. , Putaud J. P. and co-authors . 2005 . Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 5 , 1053 - 1123 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Feng , J. , Chan , C. K. , Fang , M. , Hu , M. , He , L. and co-authors . 2006 . Characteristics of organic matter in PM2.5 in Shanghai. Chemosphere 64 , 1393 - 1400 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fu , P. Q. , Kawamura , K. , Pavuluri , C. M. and Swaminathan , T . 2009 . Molecular characterization of urban organic aerosol in tropical India: contributions of biomass/biofuel burning, plastic burning, and fossil fuel combustion . Atmos. Chem. Phys. Disc . 9 , 21 669-21 716 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fu , P. Q. , Kawamura , K. , Pavuluri , C. M. , Swaminathan , T. and Chen , J . 2010 . Molecular characterization of urban organic aerosol in tropical India: contributions of primary emissions and secondary photooxida-tion . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 10 , 2663 – 2689 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Guazzotti , S. A. , Suess , D. T. , Coffee , K. R. , Quinn , P. K. , Bates , T. and co-authors . 2003 . Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols out-flow from India and Arabia: biomass/biofuel burning and fossil fuel combustion./. Geophys. Res.-Atmos . 108 , 4485 - 4499 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Guo , Y. and Bustin , R. M . 1998 . FTIR spectroscopy and reflectance of modern charcoals and fungal decayed woods: implications for studies of inertinite in coals . Int. J. Coal Geol . 37 , 29 – 53 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hatakeyama , T. and Quinn , E X . 1994 . Thermal analysis. In: Fundamentals and Applications to Polymer Science . John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, 65 - 105 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hueglin , C. , Gehrig , R. , Altensperger , U. , Gysel , M. , Monnd , C. and co-authors . 2005 . Chemical characterization of PM2.5, PM10 and coarse particles at urban, near-city and rural sites in Switzerland. Atmos. Environ . 39 , 637 - 651 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jacob , M. B. and Hochheiser S . 1958 . Continuous sampling and ultra-micro determination of nitrogen dioxide in air . Anal. Chem . 30 , 426 – 428 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kanalcidou , M. , Seinfeld , J. H. , Pandis , S. N. , Barnes , I. , Dentener , F. J. , Facchini , M. C. , Van Dingenen , R. , Ervens , B. , Nenes , A. , Nielsen , C. J. , Swietlicki , E. , Putaud , J. R , Ballcanslci , Y. , Fuzzi , S. , Horth , J. , Moortgat , G. K. , Winterhalter , R. , Myhre , C. E. L. , Tsigaridis , K. , Vignati , E. , Stephanou , E.G. and Wilson , J . 2005 . Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 5 , 1053 – 1123 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kawamura , K. , Steinberg , S. and Kaplan , I. R . 2000 . Homologous series of Cl—C10 monocarboxylic acids and C1—C6 carbonyls in Los Ange-les air and motor vehicle exhausts . Atmos. Environ . 34 , 4175 – 4191 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Khare , P. and Baruah , B. P . 2008 . Partitioning of sulphur, nitrogen and carbon compounds in PM10 and PM2.5 at a Tropical Indian site. In: Proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting , San Francisco, CA, 15-19 De-cember 2008.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Khare , P. and Baruah , B. P . 2009 . Aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocar-bons in PM2.5 released from coal-based industries. In: Proceedings on International Symposium on Environmental Pollution , Ecology and Human Health, SVU, Tirupati, India, 25 - 27 , July 2009 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Khare , P. and Baruah , B. P . 2010 . Elemental characterization and source identification of PM2.5 using multivariate analysis at the suburban site of North-East India . Atmos. Res . 98 , 148 – 162 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Khare P. , Kumar , N. , Satsangi , G. S. , Kumari , K. M. and Srivastava , S. S . 1998 . Format and acetate in particulate matter and dust fall at Dayalbagh, Agra (India) . Chemosphere 36 , 2993 – 3002 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kiss , G. , Varga , B. , Galambos , I. and Ganszky , I ., 2002 . Char-acterization of water-soluble organic matter isolated from at-mospheric fine aerosol . J. Geophys. Res . 107 , 8339 – 8348 , doi: 10.1029/2001JDO00603 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kothai , P. , Saradi , F. V. , Prathibha , P. , Hopke , P. K. , Pandit , G. G. and co-authors . 2008 . Source apportionment of coarse and fine particulate matter at Navi Mumbai, India. Aerosol Air Quality Res . 8 , 423 - 436 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kucerik , J. , Kovar , J. D. and Pelcar , M ., 2004 . Thermoanalytical inves-tigation of lignite humic acids fractions . J. Therm. Anal. Calorimetry 76 , 55 – 65 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kumar , A. V. , Patila R. S. and Nambi , K. S. V . 2001 . Source appor-tionment of suspended particulate matter at two traffic junctions in Mumbai, India . Atmos. Environ . 35 , 4245 – 4251 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Limbeck A. , Kulmala M. and Puxbaum H . 2003 . Secondary organic aerosol formation in the atmosphere via heterogeneous reaction of gaseous isoprene on acidic particles . Geophys. Res. Lett . 30 , 1996 – 2004 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lonati , G. , Giugliano , M. , Butelli , P. , Romele , L. and Tardivo , R . 2005 . Major chemical components of PM2.5 in Milan (Italy) . Atmos. Envi-ron . 39 , 1925 – 1934 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lukács H. , Gelencser A. , Hoffer A. , Horvith K. and Hartydni Z . 2009 . Quantitative assessment of orgamoslfates in size-segregated rural fine aerosol . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 9 , 231 – 238 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mader , B. T. , Schauer , J. J. , Seinfeld , J. H. , Turpin , B. J. , Deminter , J. T. and co-authors . 2003 . Sampling methods used for the collection of particle-phase organic and elemental carbon during ACE-Asia. Atmos. Environ . 37 , 1435 - 1449 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mader , B. T. , Yu , J. Z. , Xu , J. H. , Li , Q. E , Wu , W. S. and co-authors . 2004 . Molecular composition of the water soluble fraction of atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols collected during ACE-Asia. J. Geo-phys. Res . 109 , D06206 , doi: 10.1029/2003JDO04105 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Miller , S. L. , Anderson , M. J. , Daly , E. P. and Milford , J. B . 2002 . Source apportionment of exposures to volatile organic compounds. I. Evaluation of receptor models using simulated exposure data . Atmos. Environ . 36 , 3629 – 3641 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nicolai , T . 2002 . Pollution, environmental factors and childhood respi-ratory allergic dise. Toxicology . 181 - 182 , 317 – 321 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pavuluri , C. M. , Kawamura , K. and Swaminathan , T . 2010 . Water-soluble organic carbon, dicarboxylic acids, ketoacids, and a di-carbonyls in the tropical Indian aerosols . J. Geophys. Res . 115 , D11302 , doi: 10.1029/2009JD012661 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Peuravuori , J. , Paaso , N. and Pihlaja , K . 1999 . Kinetic study of the ther-mal degradation of lake aquatic humic matter by thermogravimetric analysis . Thermochimica Acta . 325 , 181 – 193 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rastogi , N. and Sarin , M. M . 2009 . Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India: one-year record of temporal variability . Atmos. Environ . 43 , 3481 – 3488 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reemtsma T. , These A. , Venkatachari P. , Xia X. , Hopke P. K. and co-authors . 2006 . Identification of fulvic acids and sulfated and nitrated analogues in atmospheric aerosol by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem . 78 , 8299 - 8304 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reff , A. , Turpin , B. J. , Porcja , R. J. , Giovennetti , R. , Cui , W. and co-authors . 2005 . Functional group characterization of indoor, outdoor, and personal PM2.5: results from RIOPA. Indoor Air 15 , 53 - 61 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reinnig M. C. , Muller L. , Warnke J. and Hoffmann T . 2008 . Charac-terization of selected organiccompound classes in secondary organic aerosol from biogenic VOCs by HPLC/MSn . Anal. Bioanal. Chem . 391 , 171 – 182 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rengarajan , R. , Sarin , M. M. and Sudheer , A. K . 2007 . Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India . J. Geophys. Res . 112 , D21307 , doi: 10.1029/2006JDO08150 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Romero , F. and Oehme , M . 2005 . Organosulfates: a new component of humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols? J. Atmos. Chem . 52 , 283 – 294 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Saarikoski , S. , Sillanpaa , M. , Sofiev , M. , Timonen , H. , Saarnio , K. and co-authors . 2007 . Chemical composition of aerosols during a ma-jor biomass burning period episode over northern Europe in spring 2006: experimental and modeling assessments. Atmos. Environ . 41 , 3577 - 3589 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Saxena , P. and Hildemann , L. M . 1996 , Water-soluble organics in atmo-spheric particles: a critical review of the literature and application of thermodynamics to identify candidate compounds . J. Atmos. Chem . 24 , 57 – 109 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Seaton , A. , Godden , D. , MacNee , W. and Donaldson , K . 1995 . Particu-late air pollution and acute health effects . Lancet 345 , 176 – 178 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Senlin , L. , Zhenkun , Y. , Xiaohui , C. , Minghong , W. , Guoying , S. and co-authors . 2008 . The relationship between physicochemical char-acterization and the potential toxicity of fine particulates (PM2.5) in Shanghai atmosphere. Atmos. Environ . 42 , 7205 - 7214 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sharma , M. , and Maloo , S . 2005 . Assessment of ambient air PM10 and PM2.5 and characterization of PM10 in the city of Kanpur, India . Atmos. Environ . 39 , 6015 – 6026 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sharma , M. , Kishore , S. , Tripathi , S. N. , and Behara , S. N ., 2007 . Role of atmospheric ammonia in the formation of inorganic secondary particulate matter: a study at Kanpur, India . J. Atmos. Chem . 58 , 1 – 17 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Simoneit , B. R. T. , Rushdi , A. I. , Abas , A. R. B , Didyk , B. M ., 2003 , Alkyl amides and nitriles as novel tracers for biomass burning , Envi-ron. Sci. Technol . 37 , 16 – 21 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Surratt J. D. , Kroll J. H. , Kleindienst T. D. , Edney E. O. , Claeys , M. and co-authors . 2007 . Evidence for organosulfates in secondary organic aerosol. Environ. Sci. Technol . 41 , 517 - 527 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Szidat , S. , Jenk , T. M. , Gaggeler , H. W. , Synal , H. -A. , Fisseha, R. , 2004. Source apportionment of aerosols by 14C measurements in different carbonaceous particle fractions. Radiocarbon 46 , 475 - 484 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Temesi , D. , Molnar , A. , Meszáros , E. , and Feczkó , T ., 2003 . Seasonal and diurnal variation in the size distribution of fine carbonaceous particles over rural Hungary . Atmos. Environ . 37 , 139 – 146 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tsapakis , M. , Lagoudalci , E. , Stephanou , E. , Kavouras , G. , Koutrakis , O. and co-authors . 2002 . The composition and sources of PM2.5 organic aerosol in two urban areas of Chile. Atmos. Environ . 36 , 3851 - 3863 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Viana , M. , Maenhaut , W. , Ten Brink , H. M. , Chi , X. , Weijers , E. and co-authors . 2007 . Comparative analysis of organic and elemental car-bon concentrations in carbonaceous aerosols in three European cities. Atmos. Environ . 41 , 5972 - 5983 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wang , G. , Huang , L. , Gao , S. , Gao , S. and Wang , L . 2002 . Characteri-zation of water-soluble species of PM10 and PM2.5 aerosols in urban area in Nanjing, China . Atmos.Environ . 36 , 1299 – 1307 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wang , H. , Kawamura , K. and Shooter , D . 2005 . Carbonaceous and ionic components in wintertime atmospheric aerosols from two New Zealand cities: implications for solid fuel combustion . Atmos. Environ . 39 , 5865 – 5875 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Weatherburn , M. W ., 1967 . Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determina-tion of ammonia . Anal. Chem . 39 , 971 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yang , H. , Yu , J. Z. , Ho , S. S. H. , Xu , J. , Wu , W. S. and co-authors . 2005 . The chemical composition of inorganic and carbonaceous materials in PM2.5 in Nanjing, China. Atmos. Environ . 39 , 3735 - 3749 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yu , J. Z. , Yang , H. , Zhang , H. and Lau , A. K. H . 2004 . Size distributions of water-soluble organic carbon in ambient aerosols and its size-resolved thermal characteristics . Atmos. Environ . 38 , 1061 – 1071 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zhuang , H. , Chan , C. K. , Fang , M. and Wexler , A. S . 1999 . Formation of nitrate and non-sea-salt sulfate on course particulate . Atmos. Environ . 33 , 4223 – 4233 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00564.x | Journal eISSN: 1600-0889

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 990 - 1000

Submitted on: Jun 25, 2010

Accepted on: May 19, 2011

Published on: Jan 1, 2011

Published by: Stockholm University Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2011 Puja Khare, B.P. Baruah, P.G. Rao, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 63 (2011): Issue 5