A model for large glacial–interglacial climate-induced changes in dust and sea salt concentrations in deep ice cores (central Antarctica): palaeoclimatic implications and prospects for refining ice core chronologies

J. R. Petit; B. Delmonte

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00437.x

A model for large glacial–interglacial climate-induced changes in dust and sea salt concentrations in deep ice cores (central Antarctica): palaeoclimatic implications and prospects for refining ice core chronologies

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

Volume 61 (2009): Issue 5

By: J. R. Petit and B. Delmonte

Open Access

|Jan 2009

Aitchison , J. and Brown , J. A. C . 1957 . The Log Normal Distribution with Special Reference to its uses in Economics . Cambridge University , London , 176 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Alley , R. B. , Finkel , R. C. , Nishiizumi , K. , Anandalcrishnan , S. , Shuman , C. A. and co-authors. 1995. Changes in continental sea-salt atmospheric loadings in central Greenland during the most recent deglaciation: model-based estimates. J. GlacioL 41, 503 – 514.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Andersen , K. K. , Armengaud , A. and Genthon , C . 1998 . Atmospheric dust under glacial and interglacial conditions . Geophys. Res. Lett . 25 , 2281 – 2284 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ballcanslci , Y. , Jacob , D. J. , Gardner , G. M. , Graustein , W. C. and Turekian , K. K . 1993 . Transport and residence times of tropospheric aerosols inferred from a global three-dimensional simulation of 210Pb . J. Geophys. Res . 98 , 20573 – 20586 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Basile , I. , Grousset , F. E. , Revel , M. , Petit , J. R. , Biscaye , P. E. and co-authors. 1997. Patagonian origin of glacial dust deposited in East Antarctica (Vostok and Dome C) during glacial stages 2, 4 and 6. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 146, 573 – 57.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Berger , A . 1978 . Long-term variations of daily insolation and Quaternary climatic changes . J. Atmos. Sci ., 35 , 2362 – 2367 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bigler , M. , Rothlisberger , R. , Lambert , E , Stocker , T. F. and Wagenbach , D . 2006 . Aerosol deposited in East Antarctica over the last glacial cy-cle: detailed apportionment of continental and sea-salt contributions . J. Geophys. Res . 111 , D08205 , 10.1029/2005JDO06469 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Brathauer , U. and Abelmann , A . 1999 . Late Quaternary variations in sea surface temperatures and their relationship to orbital forcing recorded in the Southern Ocean (Atlantic sector) . Paleoceanography 14 , 135 – 148 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Castellano , E. , Becagli , S. , Jouzel , J. , Migliori , A. , Seven , M. and co-authors. 2004. Volcanic eruption frequency over the last 45ky as recorded in the Epica-Dome C ice core (East Antarctica) and its rela-tionship with climatic changes. Global Planet. Change 42, 195 – 205.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Charlesworth , J. K . 1957. The Quaternary Era. Edward Arnold , London , 1700 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chylek , P. , Lesins , G. and Lohmann , U . 2001 . Enhancement of dust source area during past glacial periods due to changes of the Hadley circulation . J. Geophys. Res ., 106 , 18477 – 18485 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cruz Jr. , F.W. , Burns , S. J. , Karmann , I. , Sharp , W. D. , Vuille , M. and co-authors. 2005. Insolation-driven changes in atmospheric circula-tion over the past 116,000 years in subtropical Brazil. Nature 434, 63 – 66.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cunningham , W. C. and Zoller , W. H . 1981 . The chemical composition of remote area aerosols . J. Aerosol Sci . 12 , 367 – 384 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Curran , M. , Wong , G. , Goodwin , I. , van Ommen , T. and Vance , T. 2008. Estimate of sea salt sources to Antarctica: an alternative interpre-tation of the EPICA sea salt record? Geophys. Res. Abstr., 10, A-07581.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Delmonte , B. , Petit , J. R. and Maggi , V . 2002 . Glacial to Holocene implications of the new 27,000 year dust record from the EPICA Dome C (East Antarctica) ice core . Clim. Dyn . 18 , 647 – 660 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Delmonte , B. , Petit , J. R. , Andersen , K. K. , Basile-Doelsch , I. , Maggi , V. and co-authors. 2004a. Opposite regional atmospheric circulation changes over east Antarctica during the last climatic transition evi-denced by dust size distributions changes. Clim. Dyn., 23, 427-438, 10.1007/s00382-004-0450-9 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Delmonte , B. , Basile-Doelsch , I. , Petit , J. R. , Maggi , V , Revel-Rolland , M. and co-authors. 2004b. Comparing the EPICA and Vostok dust records during the last 220,000 years: stratigraphical correlation and provenance in glacial periods. Earth Sci. Rev. 66, 63 – 87.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dreyfus , G. B. , Parrenin , F. , Lemieux-Dudon , B. , Durand , G. , Masson-Delmotte , V. and co-authors. 2007. Anomalous flow below 2700 m in the EPICA Dome C ice core detected using 3180 of at-mospheric oxygen measurements. Clim. Past - CPD 3, 341 – 353.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
EPICA Community Members . 2004 . Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core . Nature 429 , 623 – 628 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
EPICA Community Members . 2006 . One-to-one coupling of polar cli-mate variability . Nature 444 , 195 – 198 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fischer , H. , Sigaard-Andersen , M. L. , Ruth , U. , Rothlisberger , R. and Wolff , E . 2007a . Glacial/interglacial changes in mineral dust and sea-salt records in polar ice cores: sources, transport and deposition . Rev. Geophys . 45 , RG1002/2007 , 1 – 26 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fischer , H. , Fundel , F. , Ruth , U. , Twarloh , B. , Wegner , A. and co-authors. 2007b. Reconstruction of millennial changes in dust emission, trans-port and regional sea ice coverage using the deep EPICA ice cores from the Atlantic and Indian Ocean sector of Antarctica. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 260, 340 – 354.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Franois , R. , Altabet , M. A. , Yu , E. F. , Sigman , D. M. , Bacon , M. P. , Frank , M. and co-authors. 1997. Contribution of Southern Ocean surface-water stratification to low atmospheric CO2 concentrations during the last glacial period. Nature 389, 929-935, 10.1038/40073 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fritz , S. C. , Baker , P. A. , Lowenstein , T. K. , Seltzer , G.O. , Rigsby , C. A. and co-authors. 2004. Hydrologic variation during the last 170,000 years in the southern hemisphere tropics of South America. Quater. Res. 61, 95 – 104.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fuhrer , K. , Wolff , E. W. and Johnsen , S. J . 1999 . Timescales for dust variability in the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) ice core in the 100,000 years . J. Geophys. Res . 104 , 31043 – 31052 , 10.1029/1999JD900929 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gaiero , D. M . 2007 . Dust provenance in Antarctic ice during glacial periods: From where in southern South America? Geophys. Res. Lett . 34 , L17707 , 10.1029/2007GL030520 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Genthon , C . 1992 . Simulations of desert dust and sea-salt aerosols in Antarctica with a general circulation model of the atmosphere . Tellus 44B , 371 – 389 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Genthon , C. and Armengaud , A . 1995 . Radon 222 as a comparative tracer of transport and mixing in two general circulation models of the atmosphere . J. Geophys. Res . 100 , 2849 – 2866 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hansson , M . 1995 . Are changes in atmospheric cleansing responsible for observed variations of impurity concentrations in ice cores? Ann. GlacioL 21 , 219 – 22 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hansson , M . 1996 . Atmospheric residence times influence on tracer concentrations in remote polar areas . In: Chemical Exchange between the Atmosphere and Polar Snow (eds E. Wolff and R. Bales). Springer-Verlag , Berlin Heidelberg , 582 – 585 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hara , K. , Osada , K. , Kido , M. , Hayashi , M. , Matsunaga , K. and co-authors. 2004. Chemistry of sea-salt particles and inorganic halo-gen species in Antarctic regions: compositional differences be-tween coastal and inland stations. J. Geophys. Res . 109 , D20208, 10.1029/2004JD004713 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hoskins , B. and Pearce , R. (ed) . 1983 . Large-scale Dynamical Processes in the Atmosphere , Academic Press , London , 397 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
IPCC . 2007. Climate Change 2007: the physical science basis. Contri-bution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, and co-editors). Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jacob , D. J. , Prather , M. J. , Boville , B. A. , Rasch , P. J. , Feichter , J. and co-authors. 1997. Intercomparison of convective and synoptic transport in global models using 222Ril and other tracers. J. Geophys. Res . 102 , 5953 – 5970.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jourdain , B. , Preunkert , S. , Cerri , O. , Castebrunet , H. , Udisti , R. and co-authors. 2008. Year-round record of size-segregated aerosol com-position in central Antarctica (Concordia station): implications for the degree of fractionation of sea-salt particles. J. Geophys. Res . 113 , D14308, 10.1029/2007JDO09584 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Joussaume , S . 1989. Desert dust and climate: an investigation using an atmospheric general circulation model. In: Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport. (eds M. Leinen and M. Sarnthein) NATO Workshop, 253 – 263.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jouzel , J. , Lorius , C. , Petit , J. R. , Genthon , C. , Barkov , N. I and co-authors. 1987. Vostok ice core: a continuous isotope temperature record over the last climatic cycle (160,000 years). Nature 329, 402 – 408.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jouzel , J. , Benoist , J. P. , Yiou , F. , Lorius , C. , Raynaud , D. and co-authors. 1989. A comparison of deep Antarctic ice cores and their implications for climate between 65,000 and 15,000 years ago. Quater Res. 31, 135 – 150.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jouzel , J. , Vailcmae , R. , Petit , J. R , Martin , M. , Duclos , Y. and co-authors. 1995. The two-step shape and timing of the last deglaciation in Antarctica. Clim. Dyn. 11, 151 – 161.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jouzel , J. , Masson-Delmotte , V. , Cattani , O. , Dreyfus , G. , Falourd , S. and co-authors. 2007. Orbital and millennial antarctic climate variability over the past 800,000 years. Science 317, 793-796, 10.1126/science.1141038 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Junge , C. E . 1963 . Air Chemistry and Radioactivity . Academic Press , New York , 382 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kohfeld , K. and Harrison , S. P . 2001 . DIRTMAP: the geological record of dust . Earth Sci. Rev . 54 , 81 – 114 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Krinner , G. and Genthon , C . 1998 . GCM simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum surface climate of Greenland and Antarctica . Clim. Dyn . 14 , 741 – 758 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Krinner , G. and Genthon , C . 2003 . Tropospheric transport of continental tracers towards Antarctica under varying climatic conditions . Taus 55B , 54 – 70 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kumar , N. , Anderson , R. F. , Mortlock , R. A. , Froelich , P. N. , Kubik , P. and co-authors. 1995. Increased biological productivity and ex-port production in the glacial Southern Ocean. Nature 378, 675 – 680.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lambert , G. , Polian , G. and Taupin , D . 1970 . Existence of periodicity in radon concentrations and in the large-scale circulation at latitudes between 40° and 70° south . J. Geophys. Res . 75 , 2341 – 2345 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lambert , F. , Delmonte , B. Petit , J. R. , Bigler , M. , Kaufmann , P. R. and co-authors. 2008. Dust-climate couplings over the past 800,000 years from the EPICA Dome C ice core. Nature 452, 616 – 619.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lamy , F. , Hebbeln , D. and Wefer , G . 1998 . Late Quaternary proces-sional cycles of terrigenous sediment input off the Norte Chico, Chile (27. 5°S) and paleoclimatic implications . Palaeogeog. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol . 141 , 233 – 251 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lamy , F. , Kaiser , J. , Ninnemann , N. , Hebbeln , D. , Arz , H. W. and co-authors . 2004. Antarctic timing of surface water changes off Chile and Patagonian ice sheet response . Science 304 , 1959– 1962 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lea , D. , Pak , D. K. , Peterson , I. C. and Hughen , K . 2003 . Synchroneity of tropical and high latitude temperature over the last glacial termination . Science 301 , 136 – 1364 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Legrand , M. and Delmas , R . 1988 . Formation of HC1 in the Antarctic atmosphere . J. Geophys. Res . 93 , 7153 – 7168 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Legrand , M. and Kirchner , S . 1988 . Polar atmospheric circulation and chemistry of recent (1957-1983) south polar precipitation . Geophys. Res. Lett . 15 , 879 – 882 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Legrand , M. and Mayewski P . 1997 . Glaciochemistry of polar ice cores: a review . Rev. Geophys . 35 , 219 – 243 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Legrand , M. , Lorius , C. , Barkov , N. I. and Petrov , V. N . 1988 . Atmo-spheric chemistry changes over the last climatic cycle (160,000 yr) from Antarctic ice . Atmos. Environ . 22 , 317 – 331 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Li , F. , Ginoux , P. and Ramaswamy , V . 2008 . Distribution, trans-port, and deposition of mineral dust in the Southern Ocean and Antarctica: contribution of major sources . J. Geophys. Res . 113 , D10207 , 10.1029/2007JD009190 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lorius , C. , Jouzel , J. , Raynaud , D. , Hansen , J. and Le Treut , H . 1990 . Greenhouse warming, climate sensitivity and ice core data . Nature 347 , 139 – 145 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lunt , D. J. and Valdes P. J . 2001 . Dust transport to Dome C, Antarctica, at the last glacial maximum and at the present day . Geophys. Res. Lett . 28 , 295 – 298 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Maenhaut , W. , Zoller , W. H. and Coles , D. G . 1979 . Radionu-clides in the South Pole atmosphere . J. Geophys. Res . 84 , 3131 – 3138 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mahowald , N. , Kohfeld , K. , Hansson , M. , Ballcanslci , Y. , Harrison , S. P. and co-authors. 1999. Dust sources and deposition during the Last Glacial Maximum and current climate: a comparison of model results with paleodata from ice cores and marine sediments. J. Geophys. Res . 104 , 15895 – 15916.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mahowald , N. M. , Muhs , D. R. , Levis , S. , Rasch , P. J. , Yoshioka , M. and co-authors. 2006. Change in atmospheric mineral aerosols in response to climate: last glacial period, preindustrial, modern, and doubled carbon dioxide climates, J. Geophys. Res . 111 , D10202, 10.1029/2005JD006653 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Martin , J. H . 1990 . Glacial-interglacial CO2 change: the iron hypothesis . Paleoceanography 5 , 1 – 13 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Martinez-Garcia , A. , Rosell-Mele , A. , Geibert , W. , Masque , P. , Gersonde , R. and co-authors. 2008. Links between iron supply, ma-rine productivity, sea surface temperature and CO2 over the last 1.1 Myr. Paleoceanography 24, PA1207, 10.1029/2008PA001657 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Minilcin , A. , Legrand , M. , Hall , B. L. , Wagenbach , D. , Kleefeld , C. and co-authors. 1998. Sulfur-containing species (sulfate and methanesul-fonate) in coastal Antarctic aerosol and precipitation. J. Geophys. Res ., 103 , 10927 – 10934.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Narcisi , B. , Petit , J. R. , Delmonte , B. , Basile-Doelsch , I. and Maggi V. 2005. Characteristics and sources of tephra layers in the EPICA-Dome C ice record (East Antarctica): implications for past atmospheric cir-culation and ice core stratigraphic correlations. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 239, 253 – 265.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Noone , D. and Simmonds , I . 2002 . Annular variation in moisture transport mechanisms and abundance of 3180 in Antarctic snow . J. Geophys. Res . 107 , 4742 . 10.1029/2002JDO02262 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
North GRIP Community Members . 2004 . High resolution climate record of the northern hemisphere reaching into last interglacial period . Nature 431 , 147 – 151 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pahnke , K. and Zahn , R . 2005 . Southern Hemisphere water mass con-version linked with North Atlantic climate variability . Science 307 , 1741 – 1746 , 10.1126/science.1102163 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Paillard , D. , Labeyrie , L. D. and Yiou , P. 1996. Macintosh program performs time-series analysis. EOS Trans. Am Geophys. Un. 77, 379.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Parrenin , E , Jouzel , J. , Welbroeck , C. , Ritz , C. and Barnola , J. M . 2001 . Dating the Vostok ice core by an inverse method . J. Geophys. Res . 106 , 31837 – 31851 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Parrenin , F. , Barnola , J.-M. , Beer , J. , Blunier , T. , Castellano , E. and co-authors. 2007. The EDC3 chronology for the EPICA Dome C ice core. Clim. Past 3, 485 – 497.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Petit , J. R. , Briat , M. and Royer , A . 1981 . Ice Age aerosol content from East Antarctic ice core samples and past wind strength . Nature 293 , 391 – 394 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Petit , J. R. , Mounier , L. , Jouzel , J. and Korotkevich Y. S . 1990 . Paleo-climatological and chronological implications of the Vostok core dust record . Nature 343 , 56 – 58 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Petit , J. R. , Jouzel , J. , Raynaud , D. , Barkov , N. I , Barnola , J. M. and co-authors. 1999. Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 399, 429 – 436.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pye , K . 1987. Aeolian Dust and Dust Deposits. Academic Press. London, 334.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ramonet , M. , Le Roulley , J. C. , Bousquet , P. and Monfray , P . 1996 . Radon-222 measurements during the Tropoz II campaign and com-parison with a global atmospheric transport model . J. Atmos. Chem . 23 , 107— 136 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rankin , A. M. , Wolff , E. W. and Martin , S . 2002 . Frost flowers: im-plications for tropospheric chemistry and ice core interpretation . J. Geophys. Res . 107 , 4683 , 10.1029/2002JDO02492 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Raynaud , D. , Jouzel , J. , Barnola , J. M. , Chappellaz , J. , Delmas , R. J and co-authors. 1993. The ice record of greenhouse gases. Science 259, 926 – 933.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Raynaud , D. , Lipenlcov , V. , Lemieux-Dudon , B. , Duval , P. , Loutre , M. F. and Lhomme N. 2007. The local insolation signature of air content in Antarctic ice:a new step toward an absolute dating of ice records. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 261, 337 – 349.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reijmer , C.H. , Van Den Broeke , M. R. and Scheele , M. P. 2002. Air parcel trajectories and snowfall related to five deep drilling loca-tions in Antarctica based on the ERA-15 Dataset . J. Clim . 15 , 1957– 1968 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ritz , C . 1992. Un modèle thermo-mécanique d'evolution pour le basin glaciaire antarctique Vostok-glacier Byrd: sensibilité aux valeurs des paramètres mal connus. Thesis, Univ. Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, France.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ruth , U. , Wagenbach , D. , Steffensen , J. P. and Bigler , M . 2003 . Con-tinuous record of microparticle concentration and size distribution in the central Greenland NGRIP ice core during the last glacial period . J. Geophys. Res . 108 , 4098 – 4110 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schwander , J. , Jouzel , J. , Hammer , C. U. , Petit , J. R. and co-authors. 2001. A tentative chronology for the Epica Dome C Concordia ice recor. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 4243 – 4246.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schwerdtfeger , W . 1984 . Weather and Climate in the Antarctic . Elsevier Science , Amsterdam , 261 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Steffensen , J. P . 1997 . The size distribution of microparticles from se-lected segments of the GRIP ice core representing different climatic periods . J. Geophys. Res . 102 , 26755 – 26763 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stenni , B. , Masson-Delmotte , V. , Johnsen , S. , Jouzel , J. , Longinelli , A. and co-authors. 2002. An oceanic cold reversal during the last deglaciation. Science 293, 2074 – 2077.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stocker , T. , Johnsen , S. and Anandalcrishnan , S . 2003. A minimum thermodynamic model of the bipolar seesaw. Paleoceanography 18, 10.1029/2003PA000920 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stute , M. , Forster , M. , Frischkorn , H. , Serejo , A. Clark, J. E and co-authors. 1995. Cooling of Tropical Brazil (5°C) during the last glacial maximum. Science 269, 379 – 383.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tuncel , G. , Aras , N. K. and Zoller , W. H . 1989 . Temporal variations and sources of elements in the South Pole atmosphere 1. Nonen-riched and moderately enriched elements . J. Geophys. Res . 94 , 13025 – 13038 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Watanabe , O. , Jouzel , J. , Johnsen , S. , Parrenin , F. , Shoji , H. and co-authors. 2003. Homogeneous climate variability across East Antarctica over the past three glacial cycles. Nature 422, 509 – 512.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Werner , M. , Tegen , I. , Harrison , S. , Kohfeld , K. , Prentice , I. C and co-authors. 2002. Seasonal and interannual variability of the mineral dust cycle under present and glacial climate conditions. J. Geophys. Res . 107,4744, 10.1029/2002JD002365 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Winckler , G. , Anderson , R. F. , Fleisher , M. Q. , McGee , D. and Mahowald , N . 2008 . Covariant glacial-interglacial dust fluxes in the equatorial Pacific and Antarctica . Science 320 , 93 – 96 , 10.1126/science.1150595 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wolff , E. W. , Rankin , A. M. and Rothlisberger , R . 2003 . An ice core indicator of Antarctic sea ice production? Geophys. Res. Lett . 30 , 2158 , 10.1029/2003GL018454 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wolff , E. W. , Fischer , H. , Fundel , F. , Ruth , U. , Twarloh , B. and co-authors. 2006. Southern Ocean sea-ice extent, productivity and iron flux over the past eight glacial cycles. Nature 440, 10.1038/nature04614 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yung , Y. L. , Lee , T. , Wang , C. H. and Shieh , Y. T . 1996 . Dust: a diagnostic of the hydrologic cycle during the Last Glacial Maximum . Science 271 , 962 – 963 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zdanowicz , C. , Hall , G. , Vaive , J. , Amelin , Y. , Percival , J. and co-authors. 2006. Asian dust fall in the St Elias Mountains,Yukon, Canada. Geochem. Cosmochem. Acta 70, 3493 – 3507.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article