Spectral surface albedo over Morocco and its impact on radiative forcing of Saharan dust

Eike Bierwirth; Manfred Wendisch; André Ehrlich; Birgit Heese; Matthias Tesche; Dietrich Althausen; Alexander Schladitz; Detlef Müller; Sebastian Otto; Thomas Trautmann; Tilman Dinter; Wolfgang von Hoyningen-Huene; Ralph Kahn

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00395.x

Spectral surface albedo over Morocco and its impact on radiative forcing of Saharan dust

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

Volume 61 (2009): Issue 1

By: Eike Bierwirth, Manfred Wendisch, André Ehrlich, Birgit Heese, Matthias Tesche, Dietrich Althausen, Alexander Schladitz, Detlef Müller, Sebastian Otto, Thomas Trautmann, Tilman Dinter, Wolfgang von Hoyningen-Huene and Ralph Kahn

Open Access

|Jan 2009

Abstract

In May–June 2006, airborne and ground-based solar (0.3–2.2μm) and thermal infrared (4–42μm) radiation measurements have been performed in Morocco within the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment (SAMUM). Upwelling and downwelling solar irradiances have been measured using the Spectral Modular Airborne Radiation Measurement System (SMART)-Albedometer. With these data, the areal spectral surface albedo for typical surface types in southeastern Morocco was derived from airborne measurements for the first time. The results are compared to the surface albedo retrieved from collocated satellite measurements, and partly considerable deviations are observed. Using measured surface and atmospheric properties, the spectral and broad-band dust radiative forcing at top-of-atmosphere (TOA) and at the surface has been estimated. The impact of the surface albedo on the solar radiative forcing of Saharan dust is quantified. In theSAMUM case of 19 May 2006, TOA solar radiative forcing varies by 12Wm⁻² per 0.1 surface-albedo change. For the thermal infrared component, values of up to +22Wm⁻² were derived. The net (solar plus thermal infrared) TOA radiative forcing varies between −19 and +24Wm⁻² for a broad-band solar surface albedo of 0.0 and 0.32, respectively. Over the bright surface of southeastern Morocco, the Saharan dust always has a net warming effect.

References

d'Almeida , G. A. , Koepke , P. and Shettle , E. P . 1991 . Atmospheric Aerosols-Global Climatology and Radiative Characteristics , A. DEEPAK Publishing. Hampton , Virginia , USA .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ansmann , A. , Tesche , M. , Knippertz , P. , Bierwirth , E. , Althausen , D. and co-authors. 2008. Vertical profiling of convective dust plumes in southern Morocco during SAMUM. Tellus 61B, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00384.x .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Aoki , Te. , Milcami , M. and Liu , W . 2002 . Spectral albedos of desert surfaces and size distributions of soil particles measured around Qira and Alcsu in the Talclimakan Desert . J. Arid Land Stud . 11 , 259 – 266 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ballcanski , Y. , Schulz , M. , Claquin , T. and Guibert , S . 2007. Reevaluation of mineral aerosol radiative forcings suggests a better agreement with satellite and AERONET data. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7 , 81 – 95. Chandrasekhar, S. 1950. Radiative Transfer. Oxford University Press, London, U.K.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Christopher , S. A. and Jones , T . 2007. Satellite-based assessment of cloud-free net radiative effect of dust aerosols over the Atlantic Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, 10.1029/2006GL027783 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Claquin , T. , Roelandt , C. , Kohfeld , K. E. , Harrison , S. R , Tegen , I. and co-authors. 2003. Radiative forcing of climate by ice-age atmospheric dust. Clim. Dyn. 20, 193 – 202.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Coddington , O. , Schmidt , K. S. , Pilewslcie , P. , Gore , W. J. , Bergstrom , R. W. and co-authors. 2008. Aircraft measurements of spectral surface albedo and its consistency with ground-based and space-borne obser-vations. J. Geophys. Res . 113 , D17209, 10.1029/2008JD010089 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Costa , M. J. , Sohn , B.-J. , Levizzani , V. and Silva , A. M . 2006 . Radiative forcing of Asian dust determined from the synergized GOME and GMS satellite data—a case study . J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn . 84 , 85 – 95 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Deepshikha , S. , Satheesh , S. K. and Srinivasan , J . 2006 . Dust aerosols over India and adjacent continents retrieved using METEOSAT in-frared radiance, part II: quantification of wind dependence and esti-mation of radiative forcing . Ann. Geophys . 24 , 63 – 79 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Diaz , J. P. , Exp()sit° , F. J. , Tones , C. J. , Herrera , F. , Prospero , J. M. and co-authors. 2001. Radiative properties of aerosols in Saharan dust outbreaks using ground-based and satellite data: Applications to radiative forcing. J. Geophys. Res . 106 , 18403 – 18416.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Diner , D. J. , Beckert , J. C. , Reilly , T. H. , Bruegge , C. J. , Conel , J. E. and co-authors. 1998. Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) Instrument description and experiment overview. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 36, 1072 – 1087.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dinter , T. , von Hoyningen-Huene , W. , Burrows , J. P. , Kokhanovsky , A. A. , Bierwirth , E. and co-authors. 2008. Retrieval of aerosol optical thickness for desert conditions using MERIS observations during the SAMUM campaign. Tellus 61B, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00391.x .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Feister , U. and Grewe , R . 1995 . Spectral albedo measurements in the UV and visible region over different types of surfaces . Photochem. PhotobioL 62 , 736 – 744 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Grenfell , T. C. , Warren , S. G. and Mullen , P. C . 1994. Reflection of solar radiation by the Antarctic snow surface at ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelengths. J. Geophys. Res . 99 , 18669 – 18684.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hansen , J. , Sato , M. and Ruedy , R . 1997 . Radiative forcing and climate response . J. Geophys. Res . 102 , 6831 – 6864 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Haywood , J. , Francis , P. N. , Glew , M. D. and Taylor , J. P. 2001. Optical properties and direct radiative effect of Saharan dust: a case study of two Saharan dust outbreaks using aircraft data. J. Geophys. Res . 106 , 18417 – 18430.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Haywood , J. , Francis , P. , Osborne , S. , Glew , M. , Loeb , N. and co-authors. 2003. Radiative properties and direct radiative effect of Saharan dust measured by the C-130 aircraft during SHADE: 1. Solar Spectrum. J. Geophys. Res . 108 , 10.1029/2002JDO02687 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Heese , B. , Freudenthaler , V. , Seefeldner , M. and Wiegner , M. 2002. Lidar Remote Sensing in Atmospheric and Earth Sciences. In: (eds. L. R. Bissonnette , G. Roy and G. Vallee ). Defence Research and Development, Canada-Valcartier, Val-Belair, Canada , 71 – 74.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Heintzenberg , J . 2008. The SAMUM-1 experiment over Southern Mo-rocco: overview and introduction. Tellus 61B, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00403.x .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Helmert , J. , Heinold , B. , Tegen , I. , Hellmuth , O. and Wendisch , M. 2007. On the direct and semidirect effects of Saharan dust over Europe: a modeling study. J. Geophys. Res . 112 , 10.1029/2006JD007444 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Highwood , E. J. , Haywood , J. M. , Silverstone , M. D. , Newman , S. M. and Taylor , J. P . 2003. Radiative properties and direct radiative effect of Saharan dust measured by the C-130 aircraft during SHADE: 2. Ter-restrial spectrum. J. Geophys. Res . 108 , 10.1029/2002JDO02552 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
von Hoyningen-Huene , W. , Dinter , T. , Kokhanovsky , A. A. , Burrows , J. R , Wendisch , M. and co-authors. 2008. Measurements of desert dust optical characteristic at Porte au Sahara during SAMUM. Tellus 61B, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00405.x .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jacobson , M. Z . 2001 . Global direct radiative forcing due to multicom-ponent anthropogenic and natural aerosols . J. Geophys. Res . 106 , 1551 – 1568 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jäkel , E. , Wendisch , M. , Knifflca , A. and Trautmann , T . 2005 . Airborne system for fast measurements of upwelling and downwelling spectral actinic flux densities . AppL Opt . 44 , 434 – 444 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kahn , R. A. , Gaitley , B. J. , Martonchilc , J. V. , Diner , D. J. and Crean , K. A . 2005. Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) global aerosol optical depth validation based on 2 years of coincident Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations. J. Geophys. Res . 110 , 10.1029/2004JD004706 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kahn , R. A. , Garay , M. J. , Nelson , D. L. , Yau , K. K. , Bull , M. A. and co-authors. 2007. Satellite-derived aerosol optical depth over dark water from MISR and MODIS: comparisons with AERONET and implications for climatological studies. J. Geophys. Res . 112 , 10.1029/2006JD008175 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kahn , R. , Petzold , A. , Wendisch , M. , Bierwirth , E. , Dinter , T. and co-authors. 2008. Desert dust aerosol air mass mapping in the western Sa-hara, using particle properties derived from space-based multi-angle imaging. Tellus 61B, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00398.x .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Knippertz , P. , Deutscher , C. , Kandler , K. , Muller , T. , Schulz , O. and co-authors. 2007. Dust mobilization due to density currents in the Atlas region: observations from the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment 2006 field campaign. J. Geophys. Res . 112 , 10.1029/2007JD008774 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Knippertz , P. , Ansmann , A. , Althausen , D. , Muller , D. , Tesche , M. and co-authors. 2008. Dust mobilization and transport in the Northern Sahara during SAMUM 2006—a meteorological overview. Tellus 61B, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00380.x .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kokhanovsky , A. A. , Breon , F.-M. , Cacciari , A , Carboni , E. , Diner , D. and co-authors. 2007. Aerosol remote sensing over land: a compari-son of satellite retrievals using different algorithms and instruments. Atmos. Res. 85, 372 – 394.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kylling , A. , Persen , T. , Mayer , B. and Svenoe , T . 2000 . Determination of an effective spectral surface albedo from ground-based global and direct UV irradiance measurements . J. Geophys. Res . 105 , 4949 – 4959 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Levelt , P. F. , van den Oord , G. H. J. , Dobber , M. R. , Mällcki and co-authors. 2006. The ozone monitoring instrument. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 44, 1093 – 1101.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Liu , X. , Penner , J. E. , Das , B. , Bergmann , D. , Rodriguez , J. M. and co-authors. 2007. Uncertainties in global aerosol simulations: as-sessment using three meteorological data sets. J. Geophys. Res . 112 , 10.1029/2006JD008216 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lyamani , H. , Olmo , F. J. , Alcántara , A. and Alados-Arboledas , L . 2006 . Atmospheric aerosols during the 2003 heat wave in southeastern Spain II: microphysical columnar properties and radiative forcing . Atmos. Environ . 40 , 6465 – 6476 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Martonchik , J. V. , Kahn , R. A. and Diner , D. J . 2008 . Retrieval of Aerosol Properties over Land Using MISR Observations . In : Satellite
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Aerosol Remote Sensing Over Land (eds A. A. Kokhanovsky and G. de Leeuw ). Springer, Berlin, in press .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Matthews , S. , Schwerdtfeger , P. and Hacker , J. M . 2002 . Use of albedo modelling and aircraft measurements to examine the albedo of Nauru . AusL MeteoroL Mag . 51 , 229 – 236 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mayer , B. and Kylling , A . 2005 . Technical note: the libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations—description and examples of use . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 5 , 1855 – 1877 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
McComiskey , A. , Ricchiazzi , R , Gautier , C. and Lubin , D . 2006. As-sessment of a three dimensional model for atmospheric radiative transfer over heterogeneous land cover. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, 10.1029/2005GL025356 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Meloni , D. , di Sarra , A. , Di Iorio , T. and Fiocco , G. 2004. Direct radiative forcing of Saharan dust in the Mediterranean from measurements at Lampedusa Island and MISR space-borne observations. J. Geophys. Res . 109 , 10.1029/2003JD003960 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Michalsky , J. , Min , Q. , Barnard , J. , Marchand , R. and Pilewskie , P . 2003. Simultaneous spectral albedo measurements near the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains (ARM SGP) central facility. J. Geophys. Res . 108 , 10.1029/2002JDO02906 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Miller , R. L. and Tegen , I . 1998 . Climate response to soild dust aerosols . J. Clim . 11 , 3247 – 3267 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Miller , R. L. , Tegen , I. and Perlwitz , J . 2004. Surface radiative forcing by soil dust aerosols and the hydrological cycle. J. Geophys. Res . 109 , 10.1029/2003JD004085 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Miller , R. L. , Calcmur , R. V. , Perlwitz , J. , Geogdzhayev , I. V. , Ginoux , P. and co-authors. 2006. Mineral dust aerosols in the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Sciences ModelE atmospheric general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res . 111 , 10.1029/2005JDO05796 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Myhre , G. and Stordal , E 2001 . Global sensitivity experiments of the ra-diative forcing due to mineral aerosols . J. Geophys. Res . 106 , 18 193 – 18204 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Myhre , G. , Grini , A. , Haywood , J. M. , Stordal , F. , Chatenet , B. and co-authors. 2003. Modeling the radiative impact of mineral dust during the Saharan Dust Experiment (SHADE) campaign. J. Geophys. Res . 108 , 10.1029/2002JD002566 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nair , U. S. , Ray , D. K. , Wang , J. , Christopher , S. A. , Lyons , T. J. and co-authors. 2007. Observational estimates of radiative forcing due to land use change in southwest Australia. J. Geophys. Res . 112 , 10.1029/2006JD007505 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Otto , S. , de Reus , M. , Trautmann , T. , Thomas , A. , Wendisch , M. and co-authors. 2007. Atmospheric radiative effects of an in situ measured Saharan dust plume and the role of large particles. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 4887 – 4903.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Otto , S. , Bierwirth , E. , Weinzierl , B. , Kandler , K. , Esselborn , M. and co-authors. 2008. Solar radiative effects of a Saharan dust plume observed during SAMUM assuming spheroidal model particles. Tellus 61B, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00389.x .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Perlwitz , J. , Tegen , I. and Miller , R. L . 2001 . Interactive soil dust aerosol model in the GISS GCM. 1. Sensitivity of the soil dust cycle to radiative properties of soil dust aerosols . J. Geophys. Res . 106 , 18 167 – 18192 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pilewskie , R , Pommier , J. , Bergstrom , R. , Gore , W. , Howard , S. and co-authors. 2003. Solar spectral radiative forcing during the Southern African regional science initiative. J. Geophys. Res . 108 , 10.1029/2002JD002411 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ricchiazzi , P. and Gautier , C. 1998. Investigation of the effect of surface heterogeneity and topography on the radiation environment of Palmer Station, Antarctica, with a hybrid 3-D radiative transfer model. J. Geophys. Res . 103 , 6161 – 6176.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ricchiazzi , P. , Yang , S. , Gautier , C. and Sowle , D . 1998 . SBDART: are-search and teaching software tool for plane-parallel radiative transfer in the Earth's atmosphere. Bull. Am. MeteoroL Soc. 79 , 2101 – 2114. Rockwood, A. A. and Cox, S. K. 1978. Satellite inferred surface albedo over Northwestern Africa . J. Atmos. Sci . 35 , 513 – 522 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rutan , D. A. , Rose , E G. , Madigan , J. and Charlock , T. P . 2003 . Sur-face albedo at the atmospheric radiation measurement Southern Great Plains site from helicopter observations. In: Thirteenth Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program Science Team Meeting (ed. D. Carrothers ). US Department of Energy, Richland, WA, 1-9. Schaaf, C. B., Gao, F., Strahler, A. H., Lucht, W., Li, X. and co-authors. 2002. First operational BRDF, albedo nadir reflectance products from MODIS . Remote Sens. Environ . 83 , 135 – 148 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schladitz , A. , Muller , T. , Massling , A. , Kaaden , N. , Kandler , K. and co-authors. 2008. In situ measurements of optical properties at Tinfou (Morocco) during the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment SAMUM 2006. Tellus 61B, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00397.x .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shell , K. and Somerville , R. C. J . 2007a. Direct radiative effect of mineral dust and volcanic aerosols in a simple aerosol climate model. J. Geophys. Res . 112 , 10.1029/2006JDO07197 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shell , K. and Somerville , R. C. J . 2007b. Sensitivity of climate forc-ing and response to dust optical properties in an idealized model. J. Geophys. Res . 112 , 10.1029/2006JDO07198 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sokolilc , I. N. and Toon , O. B. 1996. Direct radiative forcing by anthro-pogenic airborne mineral aerosols. Nature 381, 681 – 683.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Song , J. and Gao , W . 1999 . An improved method to derive surface albedo from narrowband AVHRR satellite data: narrowband to broadband conversion . J. AppL MeteoroL 38 , 239 – 249 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stamnes , K. , Tsay , S.-C. , Wiscombe , W. and Jayaweera , K . 1988 . Numerically stable algorithm for discrete-ordinate-method radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layered media . AppL Opt . 27 , 2502 – 2509 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stone , R. S. , Anderson , G. R , Andrews , E. , Dutton , E. G. , Shettle , E. P. and co-authors. 2007. Incursions and radiative impact of Asian dust in northern Alaska. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 , 10.1029/2007GL029878. Tegen, I. and Lacis, A. A. 1996. Modeling of particle size distribution and its influence on the radiative properties of mineral dust aerosol. J. Geophys. Res . 101, 19 237-19 244.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tegen , I. , Lacis , A. A. and Fung , I. 1996. The influence on climate forcing of mineral aerosols from disturbed soils. Nature 380 , 419 – 422. Tesche, M., Ansmann, A., Muller, D., Althausen, D., Mattis, I. and co-authors. 2008. Vertical profiling of Saharan dust with Raman lidars and airborne HSRL in southern Morocco during SAMUM. Tellus 61B, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00390.x .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Thomas , G. E. , Poulsen , C. A. , Curier , R. L. , de Leeuw , G. , Marsh , S. H. and co-authorss. 2007. Comparison of AATSR and SEVIRI aerosol retrievals over the Northern Adriatic. Quart. J. R. MeteoroL Soc. 133(S1), 85 – 95.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Trishchenko , A. R , Luo , Y. , Khlopenlcov , K. and Li , Z . 2004 . Dynamics of the surface albedo over the ARM SGP area during Spring 2003 aerosol IOP . In: Proceedings of Fourteenth ARM Science Team Meet-ing. US Department of Energy , Washington , D.C .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wang , H. , Shi , G. , Li , S. , Li , W. , Wang , B. and co-authors. 2006. The impacts of optical properties on radiative forcing due to dust aerosol. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 23, 431 – 441.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Webb , A. R. , Stromberg , I. M. , Li , H. and Bartlett , L. M. 2000. Airborne spectral measurements of surface reflectivity at ultraviolet and visible wavelengths. J. Geophys. Res . 105, 4945 – 4948.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Webb , A. R. , Kylling , A. , Wendisch , M. and Jäkel, E. 2004. Airborne measurements of ground and cloud spectral albedos under low aerosol loads. J. Geophys. Res . 109 , 10.1029/2004JD004768 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wendisch , M. and Mayer , B . 2003. Vertical distribution of spectral solar irradiance in the cloudless sky: a case study. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 10.1029/2002GL016529 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wendisch , M. , Muller , D. , Schell , D. and Heintzenberg , J. 2001. An airborne spectral albedometer with active horizontal stabilization . J. Atmos. Oceanic TechnoL 18 , 1856– 1866 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wendisch , M. , Pilewskie , P. , Jäkel , E. , Schmidt , S. , Pommier , J. and co-authors. 2004. Airborne measurements of areal spectral surface albedo over different sea and land surfaces. J. Geophys. Res . 109 , D08203, 10.1029/2003JD004392 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wiegner , M. , Gasteiger , J. , Kandler , K. , Weinzierl , B. , Rasp , K. and co-authors. 2008. Numerical simulations of optical properties of Sa-haran dust aerosols with emphasis on lidar applications. Tellus 61B, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00381.x .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Woodward , S . 2001. Modeling the atmospheric life cycle and radia-tive impact of mineral dust in the Hadley Centre climate model. J. Geophys. Res . 106 , 18155 – 18166.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wuttke , S. , Seckmeyer , G. and König-Langlo , G . 2006 . Measurements of spectral snow albedo at Neumayer, Antarctica . Ann. Geophys . 24 , 7 – 21 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yoshioka , M. , Mahowald , N. , Conley , A. J. , Collins , W. D. , Fill-more , D. W. and co-authors. 2007. Impact of desert dust ra-diative forcing on Sahel precipitation: relative importance of dust compared to sea surface temperature variations, vegeta-tion changes, and greenhouse gas warming. J. Clim. 20, 1445 – 1467.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zhu , A. , Ramanathan , V. , Li , F. and Kim , D . 2007. Dust plumes over the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans: climatology and radiative impact. J. Geophys. Res . 112 , 10.1029/2007JD008427 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00395.x | Journal eISSN: 1600-0889

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 252 - 269

Submitted on: Dec 21, 2007

Accepted on: Sep 15, 2008

Published on: Jan 1, 2009

Published by: Stockholm University Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2009 Eike Bierwirth, Manfred Wendisch, André Ehrlich, Birgit Heese, Matthias Tesche, Dietrich Althausen, Alexander Schladitz, Detlef Müller, Sebastian Otto, Thomas Trautmann, Tilman Dinter, Wolfgang von Hoyningen-Huene, Ralph Kahn, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 61 (2009): Issue 1