Upward fluxes of particles over forests: when, where, why?
References
-
Buzorius
, G., Rannik, U., Makeld, J. M., Keronen, P., Vesala, T.and co-authors. 2000. Vertical aerosol fluxes measured by the eddy co-variance method and deposition of nucleation mode particles above a scots pine forest in southern Finland.. 105, 19905- 19916. -
Buzorius
, G., Rannik, U., Makeld, J. M., Vesala, T.and Kulmala, M. 1998. Vertical aerosol particle fluxes measured by eddy covariance technique using condensational particle counter.. 29, 157– 171. -
Buzorius
, G., Rannik, U., Nilsson, D.and Kulmala, M. 2001. Vertical fluxes and micrometeorology during aerosol particle formation events., 394– 495. -
Dal Maso
, M., Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Wagner, R., Hussein, T. and co-authors. 2005. Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric aerosols, eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR II, Hyytiala, Finland. Boreal Environ. Res. 10, 323- 336. -
Duan
, B., Fairall, C. W.and Thomson, D W.1988. Eddy correlation measurements of the dry deposition of particles in wintertime. J. Appl. Meteorol. 27, 642- 652. -
Gallagher
, M., Beswick, K., Duyzer, J., Westrate, H., Choularton, T. and co-authors. 1997. Measurements of aerosol fluxes to Speulder forest using a micrometeorological technique. Atmos. Environ. 31, 359- 373. -
Gaman
, A., Rannik, O., Aalto, P., Pohja, T., Siivola, E. and co-authors. 2004. Relaxed eddy accumulation system for size resolved aerosol particle flux measurements./. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 21, 933- 943. -
Gao
, W., Shaw, R. H.and Paw, K. T. 1989. Observation of organized structure in turbulent flow within and above a forest canopy.. 47, 349– 377. -
Guha
, A. 1997. A unified eulerian theory of turbulent deposition to smooth and rough surfaces.. 28, 1517– 1537. -
Hari
, P.and Kulmala, M. 2005. Station for measuring ecosystem-atmosphere relations (SMEAR II). Boreal Environ. Res. 10, 315- 322. -
Hicks
, B. B. 1981. An examination of turbulence statistics in the surface boundary layer.. 21, 389– 402. -
Horst
, T. 1997. A simple formula for attenuation of eddy fluxes measured with first-order-response scalar sensors.. 82, 219– 233. -
Katen
, P. C.and Hubbe , J. M. 1985. An evaluation of optical particle counter measurements of the dry deposition of atmospheric aerosol particles. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 2145- 2160. -
Klaassen
, W.and Sogachev, A. 2006. Flux footprint simulation down-wind of a forest edge. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 459- 473. -
Kowalski
, A. 2001. Deliquescence induces eddy covariance and es-timable dry deposition errors. Atmos. Environ. 35, 4843– 4851. -
Kulmala
, M., Hämeri, K., Aalto, P., Mäkelä, J, Pirjola, L.and co-authors. 2001. Overview of the international project on biogenic aerosol for-mation in the boreal forest (BIOFOR)., 324- 343. -
Lamaud
, E.and Irvine, M. 2006. Temperature-humidity dissimilarity and heat-to-water-vapour transport efficiency above and within a pine forest canopy, The role of the Bowen ratio.. 120, 87– 109. -
Lenschow
, D. H.and Kristensen, L. 1985. Uncorrelated noise in turbu-lence measurements.. 2, 68– 81. -
Nakai
, T., Van Der Molen, M. K., Gash, J. H. C.and Kodama, Y. 2006. Correction of sonic anemometer angle of attack errors. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 136, 19- 30. -
Neumann
, H. H.and den Hartog, G. 1985., and particulates during the Champaign intercomparison study. ./. Geophys. Res. 90, 2097-211 0. -
Nilsson
, E. D., Rannik, U., Kulmala, M., Buzorius, G. and O'Dowd, C. D.2001. Effects of continental boundary layer evolution, convection, turbulence and entrainment, on aerosol formation. Tellus, 441- 461. -
Pryor
, S. C.and Binkowski, E S. 2004. An analysis of the time scales associated with aerosol processes during dry deposition.. 38, 1091– 1098. -
Pryor
, S. C., Gallagher, M., Sievering, H., Larsen, S., Barthelmie, R. J. and co-authors. 2008a. A review of measurement and modelling tools for quantifying particle atmosphere-surface exchange. Tellus, 42- 75. -
Pryor
, S. C., Larsen, S. E., Sorensen, L. L.and Barthelmie, R. J. 2008b. Particle fluxes above forests, Observations, method-ological considerations and method comparisons. Environ. Poll., 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.068. -
Pryor
, S. C., Larsen, S. E., Sorensen, L. L., Barthelmie, R. J., Grönholm, T.and co-authors. 2007. Particle fluxes over forests, analyses of flux methods and functional dependencies. J. Geophys. Res., Atmospheres, D07205, 10.07210.01029/02006JD008066. -
Sempreviva
, A. M.and Gryning, S.-E. 2000. Mixing height over water and its role on the correlation between temperature and humidity fluc-tuations in the unstable surface layer.. 97, 273– 291. -
Shaw
, R. H., Tavangar, J.and Ward, D P.1983. Structure of the Reynolds stress in a canopy layer. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 22, 1922– 1931. -
Sogacheva
, L., Dal Maso, M., Kerminen, V.-M.and Kulmala, M. 2005. Probability of nucleation events and aerosol particle concentration in different air mass types arriving at Hyytiala, southern Finland, based on back trajectory analysis. Boreal Environ. Res. 10, 479-491. -
Van Der Molen
, M. K., Gash, J. H. C.and Elbers, J. A.2004. Sonic anemometer (co)sine response and flux measurement. II. The effect of introducing an angle of attack dependent calibration. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 122, 95- 109. -
Webb
, E., Pearman, G.and L,euning, R . 1980. Correction of flux mea-surements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer.. 106, 85– 100. -
Wyngaard
, J. C. 1973. On surface-layer turbulence. In: Workshop on Micrometeorology- 149. -
Zwiers
, E W.and von Storch, H. 1995. Taking serial-correlation into account in tests of the mean., 336– 351.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00341.x | Journal eISSN: 1600-0889
Language: English
Page range: 372 - 380
Submitted on: Sep 30, 2007
Accepted on: Feb 11, 2008
Published on: Jan 1, 2008
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 2008 S. C. Pryor, R. J. Barthelmie, L. L. Sørensen, S. E. Larsen, A. M. Sempreviva, T. Grönholm, Ü. Rannik, M. Kulmala, T. Vesala, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.