Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Surface–atmosphere interactions over complex urban terrain in Helsinki, Finland Cover

Surface–atmosphere interactions over complex urban terrain in Helsinki, Finland

Open Access
|Jan 2008

References

  1. Aubinet , M. , Berbigier , P. , Bernhofer , Ch. Cescatti , A. , Feigenwinter , C. and co-authors. 2005. Comparing CO2 storage and advection conditions at night at different carboeuroflux sites. Boundary-Layer MeteoroL 116 , 63 93 .
  2. Aubinet , M. , Grelle , A. , Ibrom , A. , Rannilc , C. , Moncrieff , J. and co-authors. 2000. Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of European forests: the EUROFLUX methodology. Adv. EcoL Res . 30 , 114 175 .
  3. Baldocchi , D. , Falqe , E. , Gu , L. H. Olson , R. , Hollinger , D. and co-authors. 2001. FLUXNET: A new tol to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapour, and energy flux densities. Bull. Amer MeteoroL Soc . 82 , 2415 2434 .
  4. Burba , G. , Anderson , D. , Liukang , Xu and McDermitt , D . 2006 . Correcting apparent off-season CO2 uptake due to surface heating of an open path gas analyzer: progress report of an ongoing study. Proceedings of 27th Annual Conference of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , Amer. Met. Soc., San Diego, California, USA, pp. 1 13 .
  5. Constantin , J. , Grelle , A. , Ibrom , A ., ja Morgenstern, K. 1999. Flux partitioning between understorey and overstorey in a boreal spruce/pine forest determined by the eddy covariance method. Agric. For Meteorol . 98-99, 629 643 .
  6. De Bruin , H. A. R. , Kohsiek , W. and Van Den Hurk , J. J. M . 1993 . A verification of some methods to determine the fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, and water vapor using standard deviation and structure parameter of scalar meteorological quantities . Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 63 , 231 257 .
  7. Eugster , W. , Kling , G. , Jonas , T. , McFadden , J. P. , Wiiest , A. and co-authors. 2003. CO2 exchange between air and water in an Arctic Alaskan and midlatitude Swiss lake: importance of convective mixing. J. Geophys. Res. 108(D12), 4362, 10.1029/2002JD002653 . Finnigan, J. 2004. The footprint concenpt in complex terrain. Agric. For MeteoroL. 127 , 117 129 .
  8. Foken , T . 2006 . 50 years of te Monin-Obulchov similarity theory . Boundary-Layer MeteoroL 119 , 431 447 .
  9. Foken , T. H. , and Wichura , B . 1996 . Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements . Agric. For MeteoroL 78 , 83 105 .
  10. Grimmond , C. S. B. , King , T. S. , Cropley , F. D. , Nowak , D. J. and Souch , C . 2002 . Local-scale fluxes of carbon dioxide in urban environments: methodological challenges and results from Chicago . Environ. Pollut . 116 , 243 254 .
  11. Grimmond , C. S. B. and Oke , T . 1999 . Aerodynamic Properties of Urban Areas Derived from Analysis of Surface Form . J. Appl. Meteorol . 38 , 1262 1292 .
  12. Grimmond , C. S. B. , Salmond , J. A. , Oke , T. R. , Offerle , B. and Lemonsu , A . 2004 . Flux and turbulence measurements at a dense urban site in Marseille: heat, mass (water, carbon dioxide) and momentum . J. Geophys. Res . 109 ( D24 ), D24101 , 10.1029/2004JDO04936 .
  13. Kaimal , J. C. and Kristensen , L . 1991 . Time series tapering for short data samples . Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 57 , 187 194 .
  14. Kolari , R , Kulmala , L. , Tupek , B. , Alm , J. , Han , P. and co-authors. 2005. Photosynthetic production of boreal forest floor vegetation; seasonal and spatial variation. Proceedings of BACCI, NECC and FCoE activities 2005 , Book A, Finnish Association for Aerosol Research, 249 254 .
  15. Lilleberg , I. and Hellman , T . 2006 . Traffic trends in Helsinki in 2005 (in Finnish) . Helsinki City Planning Department .
  16. Markkanen , T. , Rannik , Ü. , Keronen , P. , Suni , T. and Vesala , T. 2001. Eddy covariance fluxes over a boreal Scots pine forest. Boreal Env. Res . 6 , 65 78 .
  17. Moriwaki , R. and Kanda , M . 2004 . Seasonal and diurnal fluxes of radiation, heat, water vapour, and carbon dioxide over a suburban Area . J. AppL Meteorol . 43 , 1700 1710 .
  18. Markkanen , T. , Rannik , U. , Marcolla , B. , Cescatti , A. and Vesala , T . 2003 . Footprints and feches for fluxes over forest canopies with varying structure and density . Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 106 , 437 459 .
  19. Myllynen , M. , Aarnio , P. , Koskentalo , T. and Malldci , M . 2006 . Air Quality in Helsinki Metropolitan Area year in 2005 (in Finnish) . YTV Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council .
  20. Mäkeld , K. , Laurilcko , J. and Kanner , H . 2005 . Road traffic exhaust gas emissions in Finland. LIISA 2004 calculation software (in Finnish). Technical Research Centre of Finland , Buildings and Transport , Research Report RTE 2881/05 .
  21. Nemitz , E. , Hargreaves , K. J. , McDonald , A. G. , Dorsey , J. R. and Fowler , D . 2002 . Micrometeorological measurements of the urban heat budget and CO2 emissions on a city scale . Environ. Sci. TechnoL 36 , 3139 3146 .
  22. Rannik , U. , Altimir , N. , Raittila , J. , Suni , T. , Gaman , A. and co-authors. 2002. Fluxes of carbon dioxide and water vapour over Scots pine forest and clearing. Agric. For Meteorol . 111 , 187 202 .
  23. Roth , M . 2000 . Review of atmospheric turbulence over cities . Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc . 126 , 941 990 .
  24. Roth , M. and Oke , T. R . 1995 . Relative efficiencies of turbulent transfer of heat, mass and momentum over a patchy urban surface. J. Atmos. Sci . 52 , 1863 1874 .
  25. Salmond , J. A. , Oke , T. R. , Grimmond , C. S. B. , Roberts , S. and Offerle , B . 2005 . Venting of heat and carbon dioxide from urban canyons at night . J. AppL Meteorol . 44 , 1180 1194 .
  26. Schmid , H. P . 1994 . Source areas for scalar and scalar fluxes . Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 67 , 293 318 .
  27. Schmid , H. P . 2002 . Footprint modeling for vegetation atmosphere exchange studies: a review and perspective . Agric. For. Meteorol . 113 , 159 183 .
  28. Schuepp , P. H. , Leclerc , M. Y. , MacPherson , J. I. and Desjardins , R. L . 1990 . Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytical solutions of the diffusion equation . Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 50 , 355 373 .
  29. Soegaard , H. and Moller-Jensen , L . 2003 . Towards a spatial CO2 budget of a metropolitan region based on textural image classification and flux measurements . Remote Sens. Environ . 87 , 283 294 .
  30. Sogachev , A. Y. and Lloyd , J. J . 2004 . Using a one-and-a-half order closure model of the atmospheric boundary layer for surface flux footprint estimation . Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 112 , 467 502 .
  31. Sogachev , A. and Panferov , O . 2006 . Modification of two-equation models to account for plant drag . Boundary-Layer Meteorol . 121 , 229 266 .
  32. Sogachev , A. , Panferov , O. , Gravenhorst , G. and Vesala , T . 2004b . Numerical analysis of flux footprints for different landscapes . Theoretical and Applied Climatology 80 , 169 185 .
  33. Sogachev , A. , Rannik , U. and Vesala , T . 2004a . On flux footprints over the complex terrain covered by a heterogeneous forest . Agric. For Meteorol . 127 , 143 158 .
  34. Sogachev , A. , Menzhulin , G. , Heimann , M. and Lloyd , J . 2002 . A simple three-dimensional canopy - planetary boundary layer simulation model for scalar concentrations and fluxes . Tellus 54B ( 5 ), 784 819 .
  35. Stull , R. B . 1988 . An introduction to boundary-layer meteorology . Kluwer Academic Publishers .
  36. Suni , T. , Rinne , J. , Reissell , A. , Altimir , N. , Keronen , P. and co-authors. 2003. Long-term measurements of surface fluxes above a Scot pine forest in Hyytiälä. southern Finland, 1996-2001. Boreal Environ. Res . 8 , 287 301 .
  37. Vogt , R. , Christensen , A. , Rotach , M. W. , Roth , M. and Satyanarayana , A. N. V . 2003 . Fluxes and profiles of CO2 in the urban roughness sublayer. Preprints, 5th International Conference on Urban Climate , Lodz, Poland, International Association for Urban Climate, 321 324 .
  38. Vogt , R. , Christensen , A. , Rotach , M. W. , Roth , M. and Satyanarayana , A. N. V . 2006 . Temporal dynamics of CO2 fluxes and profiles over a Central European city . Theor AppL Climatol . 84 , 117 126
  39. Webb , E. K. , Pearman , G. I. and Leuning , R . 1980 . Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer . Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc . 106 , 85 100 .
  40. Wilczak , J. M. , Oncley , S. P. and Stage , S. A . 2001 . Sonic anemometer Tilt Correction Algorithms . Boundary Layer Meteorol . 99 , 127 150 .
Language: English
Page range: 188 - 199
Submitted on: Dec 1, 2006
Accepted on: Jul 1, 2007
Published on: Jan 1, 2008
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2008 Timo Vesala, Leena Järvi, Samuli Launiainen, Andrei Sogachev, Üllar Rannik, Ivan Mammarella, Erkki Siivola, Petri Keronen, Janne Rinne, Anu Riikonen, Eero Nikinmaa, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.