Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
A review of marine anthropogenic CO2 definitions: introducing a thermodynamic approach based on observations Cover

A review of marine anthropogenic CO2 definitions: introducing a thermodynamic approach based on observations

By:   
Open Access
|Jan 2006

References

  1. Brewer , P. G . 1978 . Direct observation of the oceanic CO2 increase . Geophys. Res. Let . 5 , 997 1000 .
  2. Brewer , P. G. and Goldman , J. C . 1976 . Alkalinity changes generated by phytoplankton growth . Limnol. Oceanogr . 21 , 108 117 .
  3. Brewer , P. G. , Takahashi , T. and Williams , R. T . 1986 . Transient trac-ers in the ocean (TTO)-hydrographic data and carbon dioxide systems with revised carbon chemistry data . NDP004/R1, Carbon Diox-ide Information Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge , Tennessee , USA .
  4. Broecker , W. S. and Peng , T.-H . 1992 . Interhemispheric transport of carbon dioxide by ocean circulation . Nature 356 , 587 589 .
  5. Broecker , W. S. , Takahashi , T. and Peng , T.-H . 1985 . Reconstruction of past atmospheric CO2 contents from the chemistry of the contempo-rary ocean: an evaluation. Tech. Rep. DOE/OR-857 , U.S. Department of Energy , Washington , USA .
  6. Chen , C.-T. A. and Millero , E J . 1979 . Gradual increase of oceanic CO2 . Nature 277 ( 5693 ), 205 206 .
  7. Chung , S. N. , Lee , K. , Feely , R. A. , Sabine , C. L. , Millero , E J. , and co-authors. 2003. Calcium carbonate budget in the Atlantic Ocean based on water column inorganic carbon chemistry. Global Bio-geochem. Cycles 17 ( 4 ), Art. No. 1093.
  8. Coatanoan , C. , Goyet , C. , Gruber , N. , Sabine , C. L. and Warner , M . 2001 . Comparison of two approaches to quantify anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean: Results from the northern Indian Ocean . Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15 ( 1 ), 11 25 .
  9. Dickson , A. G. , 1990 . The oceanic carbon dioxide system: planning for quality data . JGOFS News 2 , 2 .
  10. Dickson , A. G . 1993 . pH buffers for sea water media based on the total hydrogen ion concentration scale . Deep-Sea Res . 40A , 107 118 .
  11. Dickson , A. G. and Millero , E J . 1987 . A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media . Deep-Sea Res . 34A ( 10 ), 1733 1743 .
  12. DOE . 1994. Handbook of Methods for the Analysis of Various Param-eters of the Carbon Dioxide System in Sea Water. Version 2, (eds A. G. Dickson and C. Goyet). ORNL/CDIAC-74, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
  13. Doney , S. C. , Jenkins , W. J. and Bullister , J. L . 1997 . A comparison of ocean tracer dating techniques on a meridional section in the eastern North Atlantic . Deep-Sea Res . 1 44 , 603 626 .
  14. Frankignoulle , M . 1994 . A complete set of buffer factors for acid/base CO2 system in seawater . J. Mar. Sys . 5 ( 2 ), 111 118 .
  15. Friis , K. , Körtzinger , A. and Wallace , D. W. R . 2003 . The salinity nor-malization of marine inorganic carbon chemistry data . Geophys. Res. Let . 30 ( 2 ), 1085 1088 .
  16. Friis , K. , Körtzinger , A. and Wallace , D. W. R . 2004 . Spectrophotomet-ric pH measurement in the ocean: requirements, design and testing of an autonomous charge-coupled device detector system . Limnol. Oceanography: Methods 2 , 126 136 .
  17. Friis , K. , Körtzinger , A. , Pätsch , J. and Wallace , D. W. R . 2005. On the temporal increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the subpolar North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. 152(5), 681 698.
  18. Goyet , C. , Coatanoan , C. , Eischeid , G. , Amaoka , T. , Okuda , K. and co-authors. 1999. Spatial variation of total CO2 and total alkalinity in the northern Indian Ocean: A novel approach for the quantification of anthropogenic CO2 in seawater. J. Mar. Res. 57 ( 1 ), 135 163.
  19. Gruber , N. , Sarmiento , J. L. and Stocker , T. E 1996 . An improved method for detecting anthropogenic CO2 in the oceans . Global Biogeochem. Cycles 10 ( 4 ), 809 837 .
  20. Gruber , N. and Sarmiento , J. L . 2002 . Large-scale biogeochemical-physical interactions in elemental cycles . In: The Sea: Biological-Physical Interactions in the Oceans Volume 12 (eds A. R. Robinson , J. J. McCarthy and B. J. Rothschild). John Wiley and Sons , 337 399 .
  21. Gurney , K. R. , Law , R. M. , Denning , A. S. , Rayner , P. J. , Baker , D. and co-authors. 2002. Towards robust regional estimates of CO2 sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models. Nature 415, 626 630.
  22. Hall , T. M. , Waugh , D. W. , Haine , T. W. N. , Robbins , P. E. and Khatiwala , S . 2004. Estimates of anthropogenic carbon in the Indian Ocean with allowance for mixing and time-varying air-sea CO2 disequilibrium. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 18, GB1031, 10.1029/2003GB002120 .
  23. IPCC . 2001. Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report. A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Third Assessment Report of the Integovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds R. T. Watson and the Core Writing Team). Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA, p. 398.
  24. Ito , T. , Follows , M. J. and Boyle , E. A . 2004. Is AOU a good measure of respiration in the oceans? Geophys. Res. Let. 31 ( 17 ), Art. No. L17305.
  25. Johnson , K. M. , Wills , K. D. , Butler , D. B. , Johnson , W. K. and Wong , C. S . 1993 . Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: Maximizing the performance of an automated gas extraction system and coulometric detector . Marine Chem . 44 ( 2-4 ), 167 188 .
  26. Körtzinger , A. , Hedges , J. I. and Quay , P. D . 2001 . Redfield ratios re-visited: removing the biasing effect of anthropogenic CO2 . Limnol. Oceanography 46 , 964 970
  27. Körtzinger , A. , Mintrop , L. and Duinker , J. C . 1998. On the penetration of anthropogenic CO2 into the North Atlantic Ocean./. Geophys. Res. 103(C9), 18 681-18 689.
  28. Körtzinger , A. , Schimanski , J. , Send , U. and Wallace , D. W. R . 2004 . The ocean takes a deep breath . Science 306 ( 5700 ), 1337 1337 .
  29. Lewis , E. and Wallace , D. W. R . 1998. CO2SYS-Program Developed for the CO2 System Calculations (ed. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center), Report ORNL/CDIAC-105. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
  30. McNeil , B. I. , Matear , R. J. , Key , R. M. , Bullister , J. L. and Sarmiento , J. L . 2003 . Anthropogenic CO2 uptake by the ocean based on the global chlorofluorocarbon data Set . Science 299 , 235 239 .
  31. Mecking , S. , Warner , M. J. , Greene , C. E. , Hautala , S. L. and Sonnerup , R. E . 2004. Influence of mixing on CFC uptake and CFC ages in the North Pacific thermocline. J. Geophys. Res . 109 ( C7 ), Art. No. C07014.
  32. Mehrbach , C. , Culberson , C. H. , Hawley , J. E. and Pytkowicz , R. M . 1973 . Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure . Limnol. Oceanogr . 18 , 897 907 .
  33. Peng , T.-H. , Wanninkhof , R. , Bullister , J. L. , Feely , R. A. and Takahashi , T . 1998 . Quantification of decadal anthropogenic CO2 uptake in the ocean based on dissolved inorganic carbon measurements . Nature 396 , 560 563 .
  34. Perez , E E , Alvarez , M. and Rios , A. E 2002. Improvements on the back-calculation technique for estimating anthropogenic CO2. Deep-Sea Res. 149(5), 859 875.
  35. Poisson , A. and Chen , C.-T. A . 1987 . Why is there little anthropogenic CO2 in the Antarctic bottom waters?Deep-Sea Res . 34 ( 7 ), 1255 1275 .
  36. Rhein , M. , Fischer , J. , Smethie , W. M. , Smythe-Wright , D. , Weiss , R . E and co-authors. 2002. Labrador Sea Water: Pathways, CFC-Inventory and Formation Rates./. Phys. Oceanography 32 ( 2 ), 648 665.
  37. Redfield , A. C. , Ketchum , B. H. and Ridchards , E A . 1963. The influence of organisms on the composition of sea water. In: The Sea (ed M. N. Hill). Interscience, 26 77.
  38. Sabine , C. L. , Key , R. M. , Johnson , K. M. , Millero , E J. , Poisson , A. and co-authors. 1999. Anthropogenic CO2 inventory of the Indian Ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 13 ( 1 ), 179 198.
  39. Sabine , C. L. , Feely , R. A. , Gruber , N. , Key , R. M. , Lee , K. and co-authors. 2004. The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2. Science 305 ( 5682 ), 367 371.
  40. Sabine , C. L. and Feely , R. A . 2001 . Comparision of recent Indian Ocean anthropogenic CO2 estimates with a historical approach . Global Bio-geochem. Cycles 15 ( 1 ), 31 42 .
  41. Sarmiento , J. L. , On , J. C. and Siegenthaler , U . 1992 . A perturbation simulation of CO2 uptake in an ocean general circulation model . J. Geophys. Res . 97C ( 3 ), 3621 3645 .
  42. Schlitzer , R . 2004. Ocean Data View. Available at http.//www.awi-bremerhaven.de/GEO/ODV.
  43. Takahashi , T. , Sutherland , S. C. , Sweeney , C. , Poisson , A. , Metzl , N. and co-authors. 2002. Global sea-air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects. Deep-Sea Res. 11 49, 1601 1622.
  44. Thomas , H. and Ittekkot , V . 2001 . Determination of anthropogenic CO2 in the North Atlantic Ocean using water mass ages and CO2 equilib-rium chemistry./ . Mar. Systems 27 , 325 336 .
  45. Touratier, E and Goyet, C . 2004 . Definition, properties and Atlantic distribution of the new tracer TrOCA . J. Mar. Sys . 46 , 169 179 .
  46. Volk , T. and Hoffert , M. I . 1985. Ocean carbon pumps: analysis of relative strengths and efficiencies in ocean-driven atmospheric CO2 changes. In: The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2: Natural Vari-ations Archean to Present (eds E. T. Sundquist and W. S. Broecker), 32. Geophysics Monograph Series, Washington, D. C., 99 110.
  47. Wallace , D. W. R . 1995 . Monitoring global ocean carbon invento-ries . 00SDP Background Report Number 5, Texas A&M University, College Station , Texas , USA .
  48. Wanninkhof , R. , Doney , S. , Peng , T.-H. , Bullister , J. L. , Lee , K. and Feely , R. A . 1999 . Comparison of methods to determine the anthro-pogenic CO2 invasion into the Atlantic Ocean . Tellus 51B , 511 530 .
  49. Waugh , D. W. , Haine , T. W. N. and Hall , T. M . 2004 . Transport times and anthropogenic carbon in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean . Deep-Sea Res . 1 51(11) , 1475-1491 .
Language: English
Page range: 2 - 15
Submitted on: Mar 23, 2005
Accepted on: Sep 22, 2005
Published on: Jan 1, 2006
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2006 Karsten Friis, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.