The role of Southern Ocean mixing and upwelling in glacial-interglacial atmospheric CO2 change

Andrew J. Watson; Alberto C. Naveira Garabato

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2005.00167.x

The role of Southern Ocean mixing and upwelling in glacial-interglacial atmospheric CO2 change

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

Volume 58 (2006): Issue 1

By: Andrew J. Watson and Alberto C. Naveira Garabato

Open Access

|Jan 2006

Adkins , J. E , McIntyre , K. and Schrag , D. P . 2002 . The salinity, temper-ature, and delta 0-18 of the glacial deep ocean . Science 298 , 1769 – 1773 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Anderson , D. M. and Archer , D . 2002 . Glacial-interglacial stability of ocean pH inferred from foraminifera dissolution rates . Nature 416 , 70 – 73 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Archer , D. , Winguth , A. , Lea , D. and Mahowald , N . 2000a . What caused the glacial/interglacial atmospheric pCO2 cycles? Rev. Geophys . 38 , 159 – 189 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Archer , D. E. , Eshel , G. , Winguth , A. , Broecker , W. , Pierrehumbert , R. , Tobis , M. and Jacob , R. 2000b. Atmospheric pCO2 sensitivity to the biological pump in the ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cyc. 14, 1219 – 1230.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bopp , L. , Kohfeld , K. E. , Le Quere , C. and Aumont, 0. 2003. Dust impact on marine biota and atmospheric CO2 during glacial periods. Paleoceanogr. 18, art. no.-1046.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Broecker , W. , Lynch-Stieglitz , J. , Archer , D. , Hofmann , M. , Maier-Reimer, E., Marchal, 0., Stocker, T. and Gruber, N. 1999. How strong is the Harvardton-Bear constraint? Global Biogeochem. Cyc. 13, 817 – 820.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bryden , H. L. and Cunningham , S. A . 2003. How wind-forcing and air-sea heat exchange determine the meridional temperature gradient and stratification for the Antarctic Circumpolar Current./. Geophys. Res. - Oceans 108, 10.1029,2001JC0011296.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Crosta , X. , Pichon , J. J. and Burckle , L. H . 1998a . Application of mod-em analog technique to marine Antarctic diatoms: reconstruction of maximum sea-ice extent at the Last Glacial Maximum . Paleoceanogr . 13 , 284 – 297 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Crosta , X. , Pichon , J. J. and Burckle , L. H . 1998b . Reappraisal of Antarc-tic seasonal sea ice at the Last Glacial Maximum , Geophys. Res. Lett . 25 , 2703 – 2706 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Egbert , G. D. , Ray , R. D. and Bills , B. G. 2004. Numerical mod-eling of the global semidiumal tide in the present day and in the last glacial maximum. J. Geophys. Res . 109 , C03003, 10.1029/2003JC001973 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ganachaud , A. and Wunsch , C . 2000 . Improved estimates of global ocean circulation, heat transport and mixing from hydrographic data . Nature 408 , 453 – 457 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gent , P. R. , Large , W. G. and Bryan, E 0. 2001. What sets the mean transport through Drake Passage? J. Geophys. Res. - Oceans 106, 2693 – 2712.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gersonde , R. and Zielinski , U . 2000 . The reconstruction of late Quater-nary Antarctic sea ice distribution - the use of diatoms as a proxy for sea ice . Paleogeogr., Paleoclim., Paleoecol ., 162 , 263 – 286 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gersonde , R. , Crosta , X. , Abelmann , A. and Armand , L . 2005 . Sea sur-face termparature and sea ice distribution of the Southern Ocean at the EPILOG Last Glacial Maximum - a circum-Antarctic view based on siliceous microfossil records . Quat. Sci. Rev . 24 , 869 – 896 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gill , A. E . 1982 . Atmosphere and ocean dynamics . Cambridge University Press .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Goldson , L. E . 2004 . Determining vertical mixing rates in the near-surface Southern Ocean using SF6 releases . PhD thesis , School of Environmental Sciences , U. East Anglia .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Haine , T. W. N. , Watson , A. J. , Liddicoat , M. I. and Dickson , R. R . 1998 . The flow of Antarctic bottom water to the southwest Indian Ocean estimated using CFCs . J. Geophys. Res. - Oceans 103 , 27637 – 27653 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Heywood , K. J. , Naveira Garabato , A. C. and Stevens , D. P . 2002 . High mixing rates in the abyssal Southern Ocean . Nature 415 , 1011 – 1014 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Karsten , R. H. and Marshall , J . 2002 . Constructing the residual circula-tion of the ACC from observations . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 32 , 3315 – 3327 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Keeling , R. E 2002. On the freshwater forcing of the thermohaline circu-lation in the limit of low diapycnal mixing. J. Geophys. Res. - Oceans 107, 10.1029/2000JC000685 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Keeling , R. E and Stephens , B. B . 2001 . Antarctic sea ice and the control of Pleistocene climate instability. Paleoceanogr . 16 , 112 – 131. Keeling, R. and Visbeck, M. 2001. Palaeoceanography - Antarctic strat-ification and glacial CO2. Nature 412 , 605 – 606 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Knox, E and McElroy, M. B . 1984 . Changes in atmospheric CO2 - In-fluence of the marine biota at high-latitude . J. Geophys. Res. - Atmos . 89 , 4629 – 4637 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Law , C. S. , Abraham , E. R. , Watson , A. J. and Liddicoat , M. I . 2003. Vertical eddy diffusion and nutrient supply to the surface mixed layer of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current./. Geophys. Res. - Oceans 108, 10.1029/2002JC001604 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ledwell , J. R. , Watson , A. J. and Law , C. S . 1998 . Mixing of a tracer in the pycnocline . J. Geophys. Res. - Oceans 103 , 21499-21 529 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ledwell , J. R. , Montgomery , E. T. , Polzin , K. L. , St. Laurent , L. C. , Schmitt , R. W. and Toole , J. M. 2000. Evidence for enhanced mixing over rough topography in the abyssal ocean. Nature 403 , 179 – 182.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mantyla , A. W. and Reid , J. L . 1983 . Abyssal characteristics of the World Ocean waters . Deep-Sea Res. A 30 , 805 – 833 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Marshall , D . 1997 . Subduction of water masses in an eddying ocean . J. Mar. Res . 55 , 201 – 222 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
McCulloch , R. D. , Bentley , M. J. , Purves , R. S. , Hulton , N. R. J. , Sugden , D. E. and Clapperton , C. M. 2000. Climatic inferences from glacial and palaeoecological evidence at the last glacial termination, southern South America. Quat. Sci. 15 , 409 – 417.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Monnin , E. , Indermuhle , A. , Dallenbach , A. , Fluckiger , J. , Stauffer , B. , Stocker , T. E , Raynaud , D. and Barnola , J. M . 2001 . Atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the last glacial termination . Science 291 , 112 – 114 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Munk , W. H . 1966 . Abyssal recipes. Deep-Sea Res . 13 , 707 – 730. Munk, W. and Wunsch, C. 1998. Abyssal recipes H: energetics of tidal and wind mixing. Deep-Sea Res. I , 45 , 1977 – 2010 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Naveira Garabato , A. C. , Polzin , K. L. , King , B. A. , Heywood , K. J. and Visbeck , M. 2004. Widespread intense turbulent mixing in the Southern Ocean. Science 303, 210 – 213.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nilsson , J. , Brostrom , G. and Walin , G . 2003 . The thermohaline cir-culation and vertical mixing: does weaker density stratification give stronger overturning? J. Phys. Oceanogr . 33 , 2781 – 2795 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nilsson , J. , Brostrom , G. and Walin , G . 2004 . On the spontaneous tran-sition to asymmetric thermohaline circulation . Tellus 56A , 68 – 78 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Others , D. , Borowski , D. , Volker , C. and Wolff, J.-0. 2004. The dynam-ical balance, circulation and transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Antarct. Sci. 16, 439 – 470.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Orsi , A. H. , Johnson , G. C. and Bullister , J. L. 1999. Circulation, mixing, and production of Antarctic Bottom Water. Progr. Oceanogr. 43, 55 – 109.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Polzin , K. L. , Toole , J. M. , Ledwell , J. R. and Schmitt , R. W. 1997. Spatial variability of turbulent mixing in the abyssal ocean. Science 276, 93 – 96.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Redi , M . 1982 . Oceanic isopycnal mixing by co-ordinate rotation . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 12 , 1154 – 1157 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rintoul , S. R . 1998 . On the origin and influence of Adélie Land Bottom Water . In: Ocean , ice and atmosphere: Interactions at the Antarctic continental margin. Antarctic Research Series (eds. S. S. Jacobs and R. F. Weiss ), 151 – 171 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Robinson , R. S. , Brunelle , B. G. and Sigman , D. M . 2004. Revis-iting nutrient utilization in the glacial Antarctic: evidence from a new method for diatom-bound N isotopic analysis. Paleoceanogr. 19, 10.1029/2003PA000996 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sarmiento , J. L. and Toggweiler , J. R . 1984 . A new model for the role of the oceans in determining atmospheric pCO2 . Nature 308 , 621 – 624 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shemesh , A. , Hodell , D. , Crosta , X. , Kanfoush , S. , Charles , C. and Guilderson , T. 2002. Sequence of events during the last deglaciation in Southern Ocean sediments and Antarctic ice cores. Paleoceanogr. 17, 10.1029/2000PA000599 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Siegenthaler , U. and Wenk , T . 1984 . Rapid atmospheric CO2 variations and ocean circulation . Nature 308 , 624 – 626 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sigman , D. M. and Boyle , E. A . 2000 . Glacial/interglacial variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide . Nature 407 , 859 – 869 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sloyan , B. M. and Rintoul , S. R . 2001 . Circulation, renewal, and modi-fication of Antarctic mode and intermediate water . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 31 , 1005 – 1030 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Speer , K. , Guilyardi , E. and Madec , G . 2000 . Southern Ocean transfor-mation in a coupled model with and without eddy mass fluxes . Tellus 52A , 554 – 565 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stephens , B. B. and Keeling , R. E 2000 . The influence of Antarctic sea ice on glacial-interglacial CO2 variations . Nature 404 , 171 – 174 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Talley , L. D . 1999. Some aspects of ocean heat transport by the shallow, intermediate and deep overturning circulations. In: Mechanisms of global climate change at millenial time scales (eds.P. U. Clark, R. S. Webb and L. D. Keigwin). American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, 1 – 22.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Toggweiler , J. R . 1999 . Variation of atmospheric CO2 by ventilation of the ocean's deepest water , Paleoceanogr . 14 , 571 – 588 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Toggweiler , J. R. and Samuels , B . 1995 . Effect of Drake Passage on the global thermohaline circulation . Deep-Sea Res. I 42 , 477 – 500 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Toggweiler , J. R. and Samuels , B . 1998 . On the ocean's large-scale circulation near the limit of no vertical mixing./ . Phys. Oceanogr . 28 , 1832 – 1852 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Toggweiler , J. R. , Gnanadesikan , A. , Carson , S. , Mumane , R. and Sarmiento , J. L. 2003a. Representation of the carbon cycle in box models and GCMs: 1. Solubility pump. Global Biogeochem. Cyc. 17 , 10.1029/2001GB001401 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Toggweiler , J. R. , Mumane , R. , Carson , S. , Gnanadesikan , A. and Sarmiento , J. L. 2003b. Representation of the carbon cycle in box models and GCMs - 2. Organic pump. Global Biogeochem. Cyc. 17, 10.1029/2001GB001401 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Toole , J. M. , Polzin , K. L. and Schmitt , R. W . 1994 . Estimates of diapy-cnal mixing in the abyssal ocean . Science 264 , 1120 – 1123 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Walin , G . 1982 . On the relation between sea-surface heat-flow and thermal circulation in the ocean . Tellus 34 , 187 – 195 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Watson , A. J. , Bakker , D. C. E. , Ridgwell , A. J. , Boyd , P. W. and Law , C. S . 2000 . Effect of iron supply on Southern Ocean CO2 up-take and implications for glacial atmospheric CO2 . Nature 407 , 730 – 733 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Webb , D. J. and Suginohara , N. 2001. Oceanography - Vertical mixing in the ocean. Nature 409 , 37 – 37.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Whitworth , T. , Nowlin , W. D. , Orsi , A. H. , Locamini , R. A. and Smith , S. G. 1994. Weddell Sea Shelf Water in the Bransfield Strait and Weddell-Scotia Confluence. Deep-Sea Res. I 41 , 629 – 641.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2005.00167.x | Journal eISSN: 1600-0889

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 73 - 87

Submitted on: Feb 10, 2005

Accepted on: Jul 12, 2005

Published on: Jan 1, 2006

Published by: Stockholm University Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2006 Andrew J. Watson, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 58 (2006): Issue 1