Characterization of the multiple equilibria regime in a global ocean model

Henk A. Dijkstra

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2007.00267.x

Characterization of the multiple equilibria regime in a global ocean model

Tellus

Volume 59 (2007): Issue 5

By: Henk A. Dijkstra

Open Access

|Jan 2007

Bryan , F. O. 1986 . High-latitude salinity effects and interhemispheric thermohaline circulations . Nature 323 , 301 – 304 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bryan , K. and Lewis , L. J. 1979 . A water mass model of the world ocean . J. Geophys. Res . 84 , 2503 – 2517 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bryden , H. L. , Longworth , H. R. and Cunnigham , S. A. 2005 . Slowing down of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25° . Nature 438 , 655 – 657 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Clark , P. U. , Pisias , N. G. , Stocker , T. F. and Weaver , A. J. 2002 . The role of the thermohaline circulation in abrupt climate change . Nature 415 , 863 – 869 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
De Vries , P. and Weber , S. L. 2005 . The Atlantic freshwater budget as a diagnostic for the existence of a stable shut down of the meridional overturning circulation. Geophys. Res. Lett . 32 ( No.9 ), L09606 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dijkstra , H. A. 2005 . Nonlinear Physical Oceanography: A Dynamical Systems Approach to the Large Scale Ocean Circulation and El 2nd Revised and Enlarged edition. Springer , New York , 532 pp .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dijkstra , H. A. and Weijer , W. 2005 . Stability of the global ocean circulation: basic bifurcation diagrams . J. Phys. Oceanogr . 35 , 933 – 948 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
England , M. H. 1993 . Representing the global-scale water masses in ocean general circulations models . J. Phys. Oceanogr 23 , 1523 – 1552 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Latif , M. , Roeckner , E. , Mikolajewicz , U. and Voss , R. 2000 . Tropical stabilization of the thermohaline circulation in a greenhouse warming simulation . J. Climate 13 , 1809 – 1813 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Levitus , S. 1994 . World Ocean Atlas 1994, Volume 4: Temperature. NOAA/NESDIS E, US Department of Commerce, Washington DC, 0C21, 1 - 117 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Manabe , S. and Stouffer , R. J. 1994 . Multiple-century response of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to an increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide. J. Climate 7 , 5 - 23 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Manabe , S. and Stouffer , R. J. 1999 . Are two modes of thermohaline circulation stable? Tellus 51A , 400 - 411 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
McAvaney , B. 2001 . Model evaluation. In: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Chapter 8 (eds J. T. Houghton , Y. Ding , D. J. Griggs , M. Noguer , P. J. van der Linden and co-editors ). Cambridge University Press , Cambridge, UK , pages 225 - 256 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rahmstorf , S. 1995 . Bifurcations of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation in response to changes in the hydrological cycle. Nature 378 , 145 - 149.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rahmstorf , S. 1996 . On the freshwater forcing and transport of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Clim. Dyn . 12 , 799 – 811 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rahmstorf , S. 2000 . The thermohaline circulation: a system with dangerous thresholds? Clim. Change 46 , 247 – 256 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rahmstorf , S. , Crucifix , M. , Ganopolski , A. , Goosse , H. , Kamenlcovich , I. and co-authors. 2005 . Thermohaline circulation hysteresis: a model intercomparison . Geophys. Res. Lett . L23605 , 10.1029/2005GL023655,1-5 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schmittner , A. , Latif , M. and Schneider , B. 2005 . Model projections of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation for the 21st century assessed by observations. Geophys. Res. Lett . L23710 , 10.1029/2005GL024368,1-4 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stocker , T. F. , Wright , D. G. and Mysak , L. A. 1992 . A zonally averaged, coupled ocean-atmosphere model for paleoclimate studies . J. Climate 5 , 773 – 797 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stommel , H. 1961 . Thermohaline convection with two stable regimes of flow . Tellus 2 , 244 – 230 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stouffer , R. J. , Yin , J. , Gregory , J. M. , Dixon , K., W. , Spelman , M. J. and co-authors . 2006 . Investigating the causes of the response of the thermohaline circulation to past and future climate changes. J. Climate 19 , 1365 - 1387 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Straughan , B. 2004 . The Energy Method, Stability and Nonlinear Convection 2nd Edition . Springer-Verlag , New York .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Thorpe , R. B. , Gregory , J. M., Johns , T. C. , Wood , R. A. and Mitchell , J. F. B. 2001 . Mechanisms determining the Atlantic thermohaline circulation response to greenhouse gas forcing in a non-flux-adjusted coupled climate model. J. Climate 14 , 3102 - 3116 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Trenberth , K. E. , Olson , J. G. and Large , W. G. 1989 . A global ocean wind stress climatology based on ECMWF analyses . Technical report, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO , USA .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vellinga , M. , Wood , R. A. and Gregory , J. M. 2002 . Processes governing the recovery of a perturbed thermohaline circulation in HadCM3 . J. Climate 15 , 764 – 780 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Weber , S. L. , Drijfhout , S. S. , Abe-Ouchi , A. , Crucifix , M. , Eby , M. and co-authors. 2007 . The modern and glacial overturning circulation in the Atlantic ocean in PMIP coupled model simulations . Climate of the Past 3 , 51 - 64 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Weijer , W. , De Ruijter , W. P. M. , Dijkstra , H. A. and Van Leeuwen , P. J. 1999 . Impact of interbasin exchange on the Atlantic overturning circulation . J. Phys. Oceanogr 29 , 2266 – 2284 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Weijer , W. , De Ruijter , W. and Dijkstra , H. A. 2001 . Stability of the Atlantic overturning circulation: Competition between Bering Strait freshwater flux and Agulhas heat and salt sources . J. Phys. Oceanogr 31 , 2385 – 2402 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Weijer , W. , Dijkstra , H. A. , Oksuzoglu , H. , Wubs , F. W. and De Niet , A. C. 2003 . A fully-implicit model of the global ocean circulation . J. Comp. Phys . 192 , 452 – 470 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wood , R. A. , Keen , A. B. , Mitchell , J. F. B. and Gregory , J. M. 1999 . Changing spatial structure of the thermohaline circulation in response to atmospheric CO2 forcing in a climate model . Nature 399 , 572 – 575 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article