Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Dissolved organic carbon in Alaskan Arctic snow: concentrations, light-absorption properties, and bioavailability Cover

Dissolved organic carbon in Alaskan Arctic snow: concentrations, light-absorption properties, and bioavailability

Open Access
|Jan 2020

References

  1. ACIA (Arctic Climate Impact Assessment). 2004. Impacts of a WarmingArctic: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  2. AMAP (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme). 2015. AMAP Assessment 2015: Black Carbon and Ozone as Arctic Climate Forcers . Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP): Oslo, Norway.
  3. Andreae, M. O. and Gelencser, A. 2006. Black carbon or brown carbon? The nature of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6 , 31313148. doi:10.5194/acp-6-3131-2006
  4. Anesio, A. M. , Hodson, A. J. , Fritz, A. , Psenner, R. and Sattler, B. 2009. High microbial activity on glaciers: importance to the global carbon cycle. Global Change Biol. 15 , 955960. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01758.x
  5. Antony, R. , Grannas, A. M. , Willoughby, A. S. , Sleighter, R. L. , Thamban, M. and co-authors. 2014. Origin and sources of dissolved organic matter in snow on the East Antarctic ice sheet. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48 , 61516159. doi:10.1021/es405246a
  6. Antony, R. , Mahalinganathan, K. , Thamban, M. and Nair, S. 2011. Organic carbon in Antarctic snow: spatial trends and possible sources. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 , 99449950. doi:10.1021/es203512t
  7. Assaad, A. , Pontvianne, S. and Pons, M.-N. 2017. Assessment of organic pollution of an industrial river by synchronous fluorescence and UV-vis spectroscopy: the Fensch River (NE France)). Environ. Monit. Assess. 189 , 229. doi:10.1007/s10661-017-5933-3
  8. Bergstrom, R. W. , Pilewskie, P. , Russell, P. B. , Redemann, J. , Bond, T. C. and co-authors. 2007. Spectral absorption properties of atmospheric aerosols. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7 , 59375943. doi:10.5194/acp-7-5937-2007
  9. Bokhorst, S. , Pedersen, S. H. , Brucker, L. , Anisimov, O. , Bjerke, J. W. and co-authors. 2016. Changing Arctic snow cover: a review of recent developments and assessment of future needs for observations, modelling, and impacts. AMBIO 45 , 516537. doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0770-0
  10. Bond, T. C. 2001. Spectral dependence of visible light absorption by carbonaceous particles emitted from coal combustion. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 , 40754078. doi:10.1029/2001GL013652
  11. Bond, T. C. and Bergstrom, R. W. 2006. Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: an investigative review. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 40 , 2767. doi:10.1080/02786820500421521
  12. Bond, T. C. , Doherty, S. J. , Fahey, D. , Forster, P. , Berntsen, T. and co-authors. 2013. Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: a scientific assessment. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118 , 53805552. doi:10.1002/jgrd.50171
  13. Bosch, C. , Andersson, A. , Kirillova, E. , Budhavant, K. , Tiwari, S. and co-authors. 2014. Source-diagnostic dual-isotope composition and optical properties of water-soluble organic carbon and elemental carbon in the South Asian outflow intercepted over the Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 119 , 11,74311,759. doi:10.1002/2014JD022127
  14. Callaghan, T. V. , Johansson, M. , Brown, R. , Groisman, P. Y. , Labba, N. and co-authors. 2011. The changing face of arctic snow cover: a synthesis of observed and projected changes. AMBIO 40 , 1731. doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0212-y
  15. Chen, Y. and Bond, T. C. 2010. Light absorption by organic carbon from wood combustion. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10 , 17731787. doi:10.5194/acp-10-1773-2010
  16. Cheng, Y. , He, K. , Du, Z. , Engling, G. , Liu, J. and co-authors. 2016. The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing. Atmos. Environ. 127 , 355364. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.12.035
  17. Cohen, J. , Furtado, J. C. , Jones, J. , Barlow, M. , Whittleston, D. and co-authors. 2014. Linking Siberian snow cover to precursors of stratospheric variability. J. Clim. 27 , 54225432. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00779.1
  18. Cohen, J. , Jones, J. , Furtado, J. C. and Tziperman, E. 2013. Warm Arctic, cold continents: A common pattern related to Arctic sea ice melt, snow advance, and extreme winter weather. Oceanography 26 , 150160. https://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2013.70
  19. Cooper, E. J. 2014. Warmer shorter winters disrupt Arctic terrestrial ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 45 , 271295. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091620
  20. D’Amore, D. V. , Edwards, R. T. , Herendeen, P. A. , Hood, E. and Fellman, J. B. 2015. Dissolved organic carbon fluxes from hydropedologic units in Alaskan coastal temperate rainforest watersheds. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 79 , 378388. doi:10.2136/sssaj2014.09.0380
  21. Derksen, C. , Brown, R. , Mudryk, L. and Luojus, K. 2015. Arctic: terrestrial snow cover (in State of the Climate in 2014). Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 96 , S133S135.
  22. Doherty, S. J. , Grenfell, T. C. , Forsström, S. , Hegg, D. L. , Brandt, R. E. and co-authors. 2013. Observed vertical redistribution of black carbon and other insoluble light-absorbing particles in melting snow. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118 , 55535569. doi:10.1002/jgrd.50235
  23. Doherty, S. J. , Warren, S. G. , Grenfell, T. C. , Clarke, A. D. and Brandt, R. E. 2010. Light-absorbing impurities in Arctic snow. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10 , 1164711680. doi:10.5194/acp-10-11647-2010
  24. Dou, T. , Xiao, C. , Du, Z. , Schauer, J. J. , Ren, H. and co-authors. 2017. Sources, evolution and impacts of EC and OC in snow on sea ice: a measurement study in Barrow, Alaska. Sci. Bull 62 , 15471554. doi:10.1016/j.scib.2017.10.014
  25. Dou, T. , Xiao, C. , Shindell, D. T. , Liu, J. , Eleftheriadis, K. and co-authors. 2012. The distribution of snow black carbon observed in the Arctic and compared to the GISS-PUCCINI model. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12 , 79958007. doi:10.5194/acp-12-7995-2012
  26. Draxler, R. R. and Rolph, G. D. 2010. Hysplit (hybrid single-particle lagrangian integrated trajectory) model access via NOAA ARL ready website. Online at: http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php
  27. Du, Z. , Xiao, C. , Dou, T. , Li, S. , An, H. and co-authors. 2019. Comparison of Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes in insoluble dust between northwestern China and high-latitude regions in the Northern Hemisphere. Atmos. Environ. 214 , 116837. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.116837
  28. Dumont, M. , Brun, E. , Picard, G. , Michou, M. , Libois, Q. and co-authors. 2014. Contribution of light-absorbing impurities in snow to Greenland’s darkening since 2009. Nature Geosci. 7 , 509512. doi:10.1038/ngeo2180
  29. Fellman, J. B. , Hood, E. , Raymond, P. A. , Stubbins, A. and Spencer, R. G. M. 2015. Spatial variation in the origin of dissolved organic carbon in snow on the Juneau icefield, Southeast Alaska. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 , 1149211499. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b02685
  30. Flanner, M. G. , Zender, C. S. , Hess, P. G. , Mahowald, N. M. , Painter, T. H. and co-authors. 2009. Springtime warming and reduced snow cover from carbonaceous particles. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9 , 24812497. doi:10.5194/acp-9-2481-2009
  31. Flanner, M. G. , Zender, C. S. , Randerson, J. T. and Rasch, P. J. 2007. Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow. J. Geophys. Res 112 , D11202. doi:10.1029/2006JD008003
  32. Gao, T. , Kang, S. , Chen, R. , Zhang, T. , Zhang, T. and co-authors. 2019. Riverine dissolved organic carbon and its optical properties in a permafrost region of the Upper Heihe River basin in the northern Tibetan Plateau. Sci. Total Environ. 686 , 370381. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.478
  33. Gao, T. , Kang, S. , Zhang, Y. , Sprenger, M. , Wang, F. and co-authors. 2020. Characterization, sources and transport of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen from a glacier in the Central Asia. Sci. Total Environ. 725 , 138346. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138346
  34. Goldenson, N. , Doherty, S. J. , Bitz, C. M. , Holland, M. M. , Light, B. and co-authors. 2012. Arctic climate response to forcing from light-absorbing particles in snow and sea ice in CESM. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12 , 79037920. doi:10.5194/acp-12-7903-2012
  35. Grannas, A. M. , Hockaday, W. C. , Hatcher, P. G. , Thompson, L. G. and Mosley‐Thompson, E. 2006. New revelations on the nature of organic matter in ice cores. J. Geophys. Res. 111 , D04304.
  36. Grannas, A. M. , Jones, A. E. , Dibb, J. E. , Ammann, M. , Anastasio, C. and co-authors. 2007. An overview of snow photochemistry: evidence, mechanisms and impacts. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7 , 43294373. doi:10.5194/acp-7-4329-2007
  37. Grannas, A. M. , Shepson, P. B. and Filley, T. R. 2004. Photochemistry and nature of organic matter in Arctic and Antarctic snow. Global Biogeochem. Cycle 18 , GB1006.
  38. Hood, E. , Battin, T. J. , Fellman, J. , O'Neel, S. and Spencer, R. G. M. 2015. Storage and release of organic carbon from glaciers and ice sheets. Nat. Geosci. 8 , 9196. doi:10.1038/ngeo2331
  39. Hood, E. , Fellman, J. B. , Spencer, R. G. M. , Hernes, P. J. , Edwards, R. T. and co-authors. 2009. Glaciers as a source of ancient and labile organic matter to the marine environment. Nature 462 , 10441047. doi:10.1038/nature08580
  40. Hu, Z. , Kang, S. , Yan, F. , Zhang, Y. , Li, Y. and co-authors. 2018. Dissolved organic carbon fractionation accelerates glacier-melting: a case study in the northern Tibetan Plateau. Sci. Total Environ. 627 , 579585. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.265
  41. Huang, J. , Zhang, X. , Zhang, Q. , Lin, Y. , Hao, M. and co-authors. 2017. Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend. Nat. Clim. Change 7 , 875879. doi:10.1038/s41558-017-0009-5
  42. Huntington, T. G. , Balch, W. M. , Aiken, G. R. , Sheffield, J. , Luo, L. and co-authors. 2016. Climate change and dissolved organic carbon export to the Gulf of Maine. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 121 , 27002716. doi:10.1002/2015JG003314
  43. IPCC. 2019. IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (eds. H.-O. Pörtner , D. C. Roberts , V. Masson-Delmotte , P. Zhai , M. Tignor , E. Poloczanska , K. Mintenbeck , M. Nicolai , A. Okem , J. Petzold , B. Rama , N. Weyer ]. https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/.
  44. Kelly, R. , Chipman, M. L. , Higuera, P. E. , Stefanova, I. , Brubaker, L. B. and co-authors. 2013. Recent burning of boreal forests exceeds fire regime limits of the past 10,000 years. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 110 , 1305513060. doi:10.1073/pnas.1305069110
  45. Kim, Y. , Hatsushika, H. , Muskett, R. R. and Yamazaki, K. 2005. Possible effect of boreal wildfire soot on Arctic sea ice and Alaska glaciers. Atmos. Environ. 39 , 35133520. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.02.050
  46. Kirchstetter, T. W. , Novakov, T. and Hobbs, P. V. 2004. Evidence that the spectral dependence of light absorption by aerosols is affected by organic carbon. J. Geophys. Res. 109 , D21208. doi:10.1029/2004JD004999
  47. Kirillova, E. N. , Andersson, A. , Han, J. , Lee, M. and Gustafsson, Ö. 2014. Sources and light absorption of water-soluble organic carbon aerosols in the outflow from northern China. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14 , 14131422. doi:10.5194/acp-14-1413-2014
  48. Koch, D. , Menon, S. , Del Genio, A. , Ruedy, R. , Alienov, I. and co-authors. 2009. Distinguishing aerosol impacts on climate over the past century. J. Clim. 22 , 26592677. doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2573.1
  49. Lambe, A. T. , Cappa, C. D. , Massoli, P. , Onasch, T. B. , Forestieri, S. and co-authors. 2013. Relationship between oxidation level and optical properties of secondary organic aerosol. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47 , 63496357. doi:10.1021/es401043j
  50. Lambert, F. , Bigler, M. , Steffensen, J. P. , Hutterli, M. and Fischer, H. 2012. Centennial mineral dust variability in high-resolution ice core data from Dome C, Antarctica. Clim. Past 8 , 609623. doi:10.5194/cp-8-609-2012
  51. Lawson, E. C. , Wadham, J. L. , Tranter, M. , Stibal, M. , Lis, G. P. and co-authors. 2014. Greenland Ice Sheet exports labile organic carbon to the Arctic oceans. Biogeosciences 11 , 40154028. doi:10.5194/bg-11-4015-2014
  52. Legrand, M. , Preunkert, S. , Jourdain, B. , Guilhermet, J. , Fa{Ï}N, X. and co-authors. 2013. Water-soluble organic carbon in snow and ice deposited at Alpine, Greenland, and Antarctic sites: a critical review of available data and their atmospheric relevance. Clim. Past 9 , 21952211. doi:10.5194/cp-9-2195-2013
  53. Levinson, R. , Akbari, H. and Berdahl, P. 2010. Measuring solar reflectance–Part I: defining a metric that accurately predicts solar heat gain. Sol. Energy 84 , 17171744. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2010.04.018
  54. Li, C. , Yan, F. , Kang, S. , Chen, P. , Han, X. and co-authors. 2017. Re-evaluating black carbon in the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau: concentrations and deposition. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17 , 1189911912. doi:10.5194/acp-17-11899-2017
  55. Li, X. , Ding, Y. , Xu, J. , He, X. , Han, T. and co-authors. 2018. Importance of mountain glaciers as a source of dissolved organic carbon. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. 123 , 21232134.
  56. Lin, G. , Penner, J. E. , Flanner, M. G. , Sillman, S. , Xu, L. and co-authors. 2014. Radiative forcing of organic aerosol in the atmosphere and on snow: effects of SOA and brown carbon. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 119 , 74537476. doi:10.1002/2013JD021186
  57. Liu, J. , Scheuer, E. , Dibb, J. E. , Diskin, G. S. , Ziemba, L. D. and co-authors. 2015. Brown carbon aerosol in the North American continental troposphere: sources, abundance, and radiative forcing. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15 , 78417858. doi:10.5194/acp-15-7841-2015
  58. Liu, Y. M. , Xu, J. , Kang, S. , Li, X. and Li, Y. 2016. Storage of dissolved organic carbon in Chinese glaciers. J. Glaciol. 62 , 402406. doi:10.1017/jog.2016.47
  59. Marks, A. A. , Lamare, M. L. and King, M. D. 2017. Optical properties of sea ice doped with black carbon–an experimental and radiative-transfer modelling comparison. Cryosphere 11 , 28672881. doi:10.5194/tc-11-2867-2017
  60. McNeill, V. F. , Grannas, A. M. , Abbatt, J. P. D. , Ammann, M. , Ariya, P. A. and co-authors. 2012. Organics in environmental ices: sources, chemistry, and impacts. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12 , 96539678. doi:10.5194/acp-12-9653-2012
  61. Meyer, T. , Lei, Y. D. , Muradi, I. and Wania, F. 2009. Organic contaminant release from melting snow. 1. Influence of chemical partitioning. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 , 657662. doi:10.1021/es8020217
  62. Mouteva, G. O. , Czimczik, C. I. , Fahrni, S. M. , Wiggins, E. B. , Rogers, B. M. and co-authors. 2015. Black carbon aerosol dynamics and isotopic composition in Alaska linked with boreal fire emissions and depth of burn in organic soils. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 29 , 19772000. doi:10.1002/2015GB005247
  63. Müller, T. , Nowak, A. , Wiedensohler, A. , Sheridan, P. , Laborde, M. and co-authors. 2009. Angular illumination and truncation of three different integrating nephelometers: implications for empirical, size-based corrections. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 43 , 581586. https://doi.org/ doi:10.1080/02786820902798484
  64. Musilova, M. , Tranter, M. , Wadham, J. , Telling, J. , Tedstone, A. and co-authors. 2017. Microbially driven export of labile organic carbon from the Greenland ice sheet. Nat. Geosci. 10 , 360365. https://doi.org/ doi:10.1038/ngeo2920
  65. O’Donnell, J. A. , Aiken, G. R. , Swanson, D. K. , Panda, S. , Butler, K. D. and co-authors. 2016. Dissolved organic matter composition of Arctic rivers: linking permafrost and parent material to riverine carbon. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 30 , 18111826. doi:10.1002/2016GB005482
  66. Pautler, B. G. , Simpson, A. J. , Simpson, M. J. , Tseng, L.-H. , Spraul, M. and co-authors. 2011. Detection and structural identification of dissolved organic matter in Antarctic glacial ice at natural abundance by SPR-W5-WATERGATE 1H NMR spectroscopy. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 , 47104717. doi:10.1021/es200697c
  67. Ping, C. , Michaelson, G. J. , Jorgenson, M. T. , Kimble, J. M. , Epstein, H. E. and co-authors. 2008. High stocks of soil organic carbon in the North American Arctic region. Nat. Geosci. 1 , 615619. doi:10.1038/ngeo284
  68. Pithan, F. and Mauritsen, T. 2014. Arctic amplification dominated by temperature feedbacks in contemporary climate models. Nat. Geosci. 7 , 181184. doi:10.1038/ngeo2071
  69. Pokhrel, R. P. , Wagner, N. L. , Langridge, J. M. , Lack, D. , Jayarathne, T. and co-authors. 2016. Parameterization of single scattering albedo (SSA) and absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) with EC/OC for aerosol emissions from biomass burning. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16 , 95499561. doi:10.5194/acp-16-9549-2016
  70. Pollard, P. C. and Ducklow, H. 2011. Ultrahigh bacterial production in a eutrophic subtropical Australian river: Does viral lysis short‐circuit the microbial loop? Limnol. Oceanogr. 56 , 11151129. doi:10.4319/lo.2011.56.3.1115
  71. Qian, Y. , Yasunari, T. J. , Doherty, S. J. , Flanner, M. G. , Lau, W. K. M. and co-authors. 2015. Light-absorbing particles in snow and ice: measurement and modeling of climatic and hydrological impact. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 32 , 6491. doi:10.1007/s00376-014-0010-0
  72. Schmale, J. , Flanner, M. , Kang, S. , Sprenger, M. , Zhang, Q. and co-authors. 2017. Modulation of snow reflectance and snowmelt from Central Asian glaciers by anthropogenic black carbon. Sci. Rep. 7 , 40501 doi:10.1038/srep40501
  73. Singer, G. , Fasching, C. , Wilhelm, L. , Niggemann, J. , Steier, P. and co-authors. 2012. Biogeochemically diverse organic matter in Alpine glaciers and its downstream fate. Nat. Geosci. 5 , 710714. doi:10.1038/ngeo1581
  74. Skiles, S. M., Flanner, M., Cook, J. M., Dumont, M. and Painter, T. H. 2018. Radiative forcing by light-absorbing particles in snow. Nat. Clim Change 8 , 964917. doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0296-5
  75. Spencer, R. G. M. , Hernes, P. J. , Dinga, B. , Wabakanghanzi, J. N. , Drake, T. W. and co-authors. 2016. Origins, seasonality, and fluxes of organic matter in the Congo River. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 30 , 11051121. doi:10.1002/2016GB005427
  76. Spencer, R. G. M. , Vermilyea, A. W. , Fellman, J. B. , Raymond, P. A. , Stubbins, A. and co-authors. 2014. Seasonal variability of organic matter composition in an Alaskan glacier outflow: insights into glacier carbon sources. Environ. Res. Lett. 9 , 055005. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/5/055005
  77. Sprenger, M. and Wernli, H. 2015. The LAGRANTO Lagrangian analysis tool – version 2.0. Geosci. Model Dev. 8 , 25692586. doi:10.5194/gmd-8-2569-2015
  78. Srinivas, B. , Rastogi, N. , Sarin, M. M. , Singh, A. and Singh, D. 2016. Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Atmos. Environ 125 , 360370. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.07.017
  79. Stibal, M. , Lawson, E. C. , Lis, G. P. , Mak, K. M. , Wadham, J. L. and co-authors. 2010. Organic matter content and quality in supraglacial debris across the ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet. Ann. Glaciol. 51 , 18. https://doi.org/ doi:10.3189/172756411795931958
  80. Stibal, M. , Wadham, J. L. , Lis, G. P. , Telling, J. , Pancost, R. D. and co-authors. 2012. Methanogenic potential of Arctic and Antarctic subglacial environments with contrasting organic carbon sources. Glob. Change Biol. 18 , 33323345. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02763.x
  81. Stubbins, A. and Dittmar, T. 2012. Low volume quantification of dissolved organic carbon and dissolved nitrogen. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 10 , 347352. doi:10.4319/lom.2012.10.347
  82. Stubbins, A. , Hood, E. , Raymond, P. A. , Aiken, G. R. , Sleighter, R. L. and co-authors. 2012. Anthropogenic aerosols as a source of ancient dissolved organic matter in glaciers. Nat. Geosci. 5 , 198201. doi:10.1038/ngeo1403
  83. Sun, H. , Biedermann, L. and Bond, T. C. 2007. Color of brown carbon: a model for ultraviolet and visible light absorption by organic carbon aerosol. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 , L17813. doi:10.1029/2007GL029797
  84. Telling, J. , Anesio, A. M. , Tranter, M. , Stibal, M. , Hawkings, J. R. and co-authors. 2012. Controls on the autochthonous production and respiration of organic matter in cryoconite holes on high Arctic glaciers. J. Geophys. Res 117 , G01017.
  85. Voisin, D. , Jaffrezo, J. L. , Houdier, S. , Barret, M. , Cozic, J. and co-authors. 2012. Carbonaceous species and humic like substances (HULIS) in Arctic snowpack during OASIS field campaign in Barrow. J. Geophys. Res. 117, D00R19. doi:10.1029/2011JD016612.
  86. Warren, S. G. and Wiscombe, W. J. 1980. A model for the spectral albedo of snow. II: snow containing atmospheric aerosols. J. Atmos. Sci. 37 , 27342745. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<;2734:AMFTSA>2.0.CO;2
  87. Weishaar, J. L. , Aiken, G. R. , Bergamaschi, B. A. , Fram, M. S. , Fujii, R. and co-authors. 2003. Evaluation of specific ultraviolet absorbance as an indicator of the chemical composition and reactivity of dissolved organic carbon. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 , 47024708. doi:10.1021/es030360x
  88. Wernli, H. and Davies, H. C. 1997. A Lagrangian-based analysis of extratropical cyclones. I: the method and some applications. Q. J. Royal Met. Soc. 123 , 467489. doi:10.1002/qj.49712353811
  89. Yan, F. , Kang, S. , Li, C. , Zhang, Y. , Qin, X. and co-authors. 2016. Concentration, sources and light absorption characteristics of dissolved organic carbon on a medium-sized valley glacier, northern Tibetan Plateau. Cryosphere 10 , 26112621. doi:10.5194/tc-10-2611-2016
  90. Zhang, Y. , Kang, S. , Cong, Z. , Schmale, J. , Sprenger, M. and co-authors. 2017. Light‐absorbing impurities enhance glacier albedo reduction in the southeastern Tibetan plateau. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 122 , 69156933. doi:10.1002/2016JD026397
  91. Zhang, Y. , Kang, S. , Gao, T. , Schmale, J. , Liu, Y. and co-authors. 2019. Dissolved organic carbon in snow cover of the Chinese Altai Mountains, Central Asia: concentrations, sources and light-absorption properties. Sci. Total Environ. 647 , 13851397. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.417
  92. Zhang, Y. , Kang, S. , Li, G. , Gao, T. , Chen, P. and co-authors. 2018. Dissolved organic carbon in glaciers of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau: insights into concentrations and possible sources. PLoS One 13 , e0205414. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205414
  93. Zhang, Y. , Kang, S. , Zhang, Q. , Gao, T. , Guo, J. and co-authors. 2016. Chemical records in snowpits from high altitude glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings. PLoS One. 11 , e0155232. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155232
  94. Zhang, Y. , Kang, S. , Zhang, Q. , Grigholm, B. , Kaspari, S. and co-authors. 2015. A 500 year atmospheric dust deposition retrieved from a Mt. Geladaindong ice core in the central Tibetan Plateau. Atmos. Res. 166 , 19. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.06.007
Language: English
Page range: 1778968 - 1778968
Published on: Jan 1, 2020
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2020 Yulan Zhang, Shichang Kang, Tanguang Gao, Michael Sprenger, Tingfeng Dou, Wei Han, Qi Zhang, Shiwei Sun, Wentao Du, Pengfei Chen, Junming Guo, Xiaoqing Cui, Mika Sillanpää, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.