The main air masses influencing Iran and Iraq and their directions (a) and the precipitation sampling points in the study region (b).
Fig. 2.
The land use map of the study region.
Table 1.
The meteorological characteristics of the west of Iran (based on the data of the meteorological stations in Sanadaj, Kermanshah, Ilam, Marivan, Paveh, Ghasreh Shirin, and Dareh Shahr).
The schematic picture of a rainwater collector and the procedure for sampling the stable isotopes.
Table 2.
The variations of precipitation, temperature, δ18O, δ2H, and d-excess in the studied stations in Iran and Iraq.
LocationDatePrecipitation (mm)Temperature (°C)δ18Oδ2Hd-excess (‰)LMWL (‰)EAG19 February 201520.70465.006.3010.34−5.07−4.12−22.19−21.8211.15δ2H = 6.24 δ18O + 8.820 March 201546.505.90−7.86−43.2420 April 201558.1010.50−5.99−31.1421 May 20159.7017.40−4.03−11.5522 October 20153.4019.00−4.36−11.4921 November 2015266.2010.00−2.62−15.5821 December 201560.403.30−5.76−26.02GSh19 February 201513.60320.4013.1016.95−2.42−2.89−0.75−14.398.75δ2H = 7.32 δ18O + 12.3320 March 201543.1014.00−6.07−26.4420 April 201515.0018.700.0010.4521 June 20153.4025.704.3146.6421 November 2015204.8017.60−2.67−17.2721 December 201540.5012.60−2.44−5.88Kan19 February 201527.60397.406.106.99−2.21−5.36−2.90−29.1413.72δ2H = 7.64 δ18O + 14.6320 March 201526.905.90−6.05−33.6420 April 201575.0010.50−2.70−0.5521 November 2015194.909.20−5.81−36.8221 December 201573.002.60−7.81−46.28Krd19 February 201527.30665.606.809.00−3.49−6.68−6.19−32.5220.95δ2H = 6.89 δ18O + 15.6520 March 201568.506.60−9.23−48.1620 March 201568.506.60−7.77−40.6620 April 201567.0010.60−2.74−0.9421 May 20157.6016.70−0.997.6521 November 2015347.2010.70−6.52−34.4321 December 201579.505.00−9.23−43.19KSh19 February 20155.60340.607.3012.57−2.17−4.79−9.55−29.798.50δ2H = 5.96 δ18O − 0.1820 March 201522.807.40−2.47−12.1820 April 201549.9012.30−2.36−4.5021 May 20156.9019.30−2.38−9.0421 June 20153.5026.002.8815.6421 November 2015203.8011.00−5.66−39.4521 December 201548.104.70−5.90−32.09PV19 February 201577.60731.207.9012.48−4.82−6.33−17.04−33.6516.98δ2H = 6.96 δ18O + 11.920 March 201563.408.10−7.28−39.4020 April 201568.4012.10−5.76−24.9521 May 201514.2019.50−1.50−1.5122 October 20159.8021.800.5216.0221 November 2015416.2011.50−6.91−39.9221 December 201581.606.50−6.20−31.86RS19 February 201532.40526.706.3010.93−3.13−7.18−10.17−42.8614.61δ2H = 5.86 δ18O + 2.7620 March 201549.806.80−6.65−41.4020 April 201557.6017.70−5.43−27.6922 October 20153.3019.907.5444.4121 November 2015315.0010.20−8.34−53.8121 December 201568.604.70−6.37−26.07SPZ19 February 201517.70409.6010.4014.600.02−4.036.86−15.9016.34δ2H = 5.66 δ18O + 7.8720 March 201553.8012.00−2.43−5.1620 April 201527.1016.50−2.71−5.6521 May 20153.7023.40−5.34−22.3821 November 2015255.6015.30−4.70−20.6721 December 201551.7010.00−4.35−16.18Sum20 March 201538.40357.4015.4018.17−4.53−0.34−15.71−13.6713.85δ2H = 5.61 δ18O + 8.3220 April 201518.4024.001.0914.4821 November 2015235.4019.20−3.64−17.5521 December 201565.2014.10−3.34−6.43Mar15 December 2010−7.8−8.03−47.48−43.1721.115 January 2011−8.27−38.8715 December 2011−7.86−7.25−45.26−45.0312.96Sol15 January 2012−6.56−44.7315 March 2012−7.33−45.1115 December 2011−5.78−5.42−29.3−28.015.36Dyl15 January 2012−5.0−26.215 March 2012−5.48−28.5
Fig. 4.
The moisture sources of precipitation from December 2011 to March 2012 and from March 2015 to December 2015 in the study region detected using the backward trajectories of the HYSPLIT model (% demonstrates the frequency of the trajectories).
Fig. 5.
The spatial distribution of the vertically integrated moisture flux over the water bodies which provide moisture for precipitation in Iran and Iraq (from 1981 to 2015).
Fig. 6.
The seasonal and total developed MWLs for the study region and comparing them with GMWL and EMMWL.
Fig. 7.
The correlation of the content of δ18O in precipitation with the variations of the precipitation amount (a) and temperature (b) in the study region.
Fig. 8.
The predicted values of δ2H and δ18O (A and C) and their corresponding error values (B and D) for the study region.
Table 3.
δ18O and δ2H of precipitation in the study region based on the outputs of the predictive model.
The correlation between the δ18O content in precipitation and the elevation variations of the sampling stations in the study region.
Fig. 10.
Plotting the surface water resources in the study region on the developed seasonal and total MWLs.
Table 4.
The δ18O and δ2H contents of surface water resources in the study region.
RowSurface water IDTypeδ18O (‰)δ2H (‰)d-excess (‰)References1HavassanRiver−4.0−25.76.1Khalaj Amirhosseini (2011)2KanishirinRiver−4.1−26.36.8Khalaj Amirhosseini (2011)3CahmsareeRiver−3.5−25.52.6Khalaj Amirhosseini (2011)4Dare ZangeneRiver−4.0−28.04.1Khalaj Amirhosseini (2011)5P.SolaimanRiver−5.9−34.612.2Osati et al. (2014) 6AranRiver−6.2−35.214.2Osati et al. (2014) 7DoabRiver−6.3−36.014.0Osati et al. (2014) 8Haidar AbadRiver−6.0−32.215.4Osati et al. (2014)9FaramanRiver−5.7−32.213.2Osati et al. (2014)10HolailanRiver−5.1−28.811.8Osati et al. (2014)11RamavandRiver−6.6−32.020.8Masjedi et al. (1995)12SeymarehRiver−5.9−29.417.4Masjedi et al. (1995)13TangsyabRiver−5.1−28.812.4Masjedi et al. (1995)14ZarivarLake5.516.9−26.9Mohammadzadeh and Ebrahimpour (2012)
