Table 1.
Coefficients suggested by various studies for the TKE dissipation rate at the sea surface (Equation (28) in this study).
Fig. 1.
Comparison of various parameterisations of TKE dissipation rates at the sea surface (ε w0) derived by analytical and empirical approaches.
Fig. 2.
Observational TKE dissipation rate data normalised by the law of the wall versus wind speed.
Fig. 3.
Observational TKE dissipation rate data versus wind speed. The parameterisation by Terray et al. (1996) is shown for wave ages of 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2.
Table 2.
Coefficients a 2 and b 2 for the nondimensional wave energy equation E * = a 2 βb 2 (see Section 2.2) and the corresponding α values.
Fig. 4.
Comparisons of WED with wind speed. The models shown were proposed by Hasselmann (1974), Phillips (1985), Thorpe (1993), Hanson and Phillips (1999), and Hwang and Sletten (2008), using β * = 30. Observational data from Felizardo and Melville (1995) and Hanson and Phillips (1999) are also plotted.
Table 3.
Constant c h, which is determined by equating D t and D w. HP99 and HS08 denote D w as proposed by Hanson and Phillips (1999) and Hwang and Sletten (2008), respectively.
Fig. 5.
Comparison of TKE dissipation rates obtained using the law of the wall (Equation 28) with those obtained for breaking waves.
Fig. 6.
Relationship between wind speed and gas transfer velocities obtained from various models including those derived from Equation (30) with A = 0.2 and wave age changing from 0.1 to 1.4 with wind speed, and various parameterisations of the TKE dissipation rate, and model from Kitaigorodskii (2011b). Observational data obtained by the eddy correlation method are added for comparison (regression curve: thin solid black line).
Fig. 7.
Comparison of observational data obtained by eddy correlation and tracer methods. Thick solid line, think solid line, and dashed solid line indicate regression results for all data (3.251 exp(0.214U 10)), eddy correlation data (3.294 exp(0.225U 10)), and tracer method data (3.112 exp(0.174U 10)), respectively.