The contrast between Atlantic and Pacific surface water fluxes

Philip M. Craig; David Ferreira; John Methven

doi:10.1080/16000870.2017.1330454

The contrast between Atlantic and Pacific surface water fluxes

Tellus

Volume 69 (2017): Issue 1

By: Philip M. Craig , David Ferreira and John Methven

Open Access

|Jan 2017

Figures & Tables

(a) Annual mean SSS (1955–2012) from the World Ocean Atlas (Zweng et al., 2013) and (b) Annual mean (1979–2014) $e - p$ from ERA-Interim vertically integrated moisture flux divergence. Gaussian filter applied to smooth data.

Basin-integrated net freshwater flux ( $E - P - R$ ) for each ocean basin over different latitudinal extents: (a) approximately 35 $^{\circ}$ S-45 $^{\circ}$ N and (b) approximately 35 $^{\circ}$ S-65 $^{\circ}$ N. The latitude boundaries shown are approximate and do not apply to each estimate. Exact boundaries used in calculating each estimate are shown in Table 1. Estimates based on atmospheric data are shown first followed by the oceanographic estimates.

$E - P - R$ for latitude bands within the (a) Atlantic, (b) Pacific and (c) Indian oceans for the estimates described in section 3. Latitudes below each subfigure refer to those used to break up ERA-Interim. The exact boundaries used in calculating each estimate are shown in Table 1. Crosses denote that there is no estimate provided for a band, otherwise $E - P - R = 0$ .

Table 1.

Table of latitude boundaries for each of the estimates shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The Mediterranean and Baltic Seas are included in the ERA-Interim estimate at the relevant basin scales and in the latitude bands where they join the main Atlantic Ocean. BS refers to the Bering Strait and a star denotes that the latitudes shown are only approximate.

AtlanticPacificIndianAtlanticPacificIndianERA-Interim & ECCOv4Dai and Trenberth (2003)Fig. 2b35

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S-60

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N30

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S-BS

> 35^{\circ}

S32

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S-60

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N30

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S-BS

> 32^{\circ}

SFig. 2a35

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S-45

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N30

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S-47

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N32

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S-45

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N30

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S-47

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NFig. 345

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N-60

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N47

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N-BS45

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N-60

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N47

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N-BSFig. 324

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N-45

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N24

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N-47

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> 8^{\circ}

S24

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N-45

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N24

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N-47

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> 8^{\circ}

SFig. 316

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S-24

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N17

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S-24

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N20

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S-8

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S16

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S-24

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N16

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S-24

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N20

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S-8

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SFig. 335

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S-16

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S30

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S-17

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S35

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S-20

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S30

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S30

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S32

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SSchanze et al. (2010)Ganachaud and Wunsch (2003)Fig. 2b35

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> 35^{\circ}

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STalley (2008)Valdivieso et al. (2014)Fig. 2b32

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S-47

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N-59

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N-70

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N-BSFig. 324

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S-17

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S-20

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Annual mean area-averaged ERA-Interim (1979–2014) surface water fluxes in 10 $^{\circ}$ latitude bands for the (a) Atlantic, (b) Pacific and (c) Indian oceans with Dai and Trenberth (2002) run-off divided into the same 10 $^{\circ}$ latitude bands.

Differences between area-averaged annual mean ERA-Interim (1979–2014) Pacific and Atlantic surface water fluxes in 10 $^{\circ}$ latitude bands scaled by area with Dai and Trenberth (2002) run-off divided into the same 10 $^{\circ}$ latitude bands.

Climatological monthly means (1979–2014) of ERA-Interim $\bar{e}$ and $\bar{p}$ for the (a) Atlantic (35 $^{\circ}$ S-60 $^{\circ}$ N), (b) Pacific (30 $^{\circ}$ S-Bering Strait) and (c) Indian ( $> 35^{\circ}$ S) Oceans at basin scale (first row of ERA-Interim columns in Table 1).

Climatological seasonal mean ERA-Interim $e - p$ from accumulated surface forecasts 1980–2014 for (a) December–January–February (DJF), (b) March–April–May (MAM), (c) June–July–August (JJA) and (d) September–October–November (SON).

Climatological seasonal mean ERA-Interim evaporation 1980–2014 for (a) DJF, (b) MAM, (c) JJA and (d) SON.

Climatological seasonal mean ERA-Interim precipitation 1980–2014 for (a) DJF, (b) MAM, (c) JJA and (d) SON.

Climatological monthly means of ERA-Interim (1979–2014) Atlantic Ocean area-averaged (a) evaporation and (b) precipitation in latitude bands representing the tropics, subtropics and northern hemisphere extratropics.

Climatological monthly means of ERA-Interim (1979–2014) of Pacific Ocean area-averaged (a) evaporation and (b) precipitation in latitude bands representing the tropics, subtropics and northern hemisphere extratropics.

Yearly anomalies from the 1979–2014 area-averaged annual mean ERA-Interim $\bar{e}$ , $- \bar{p}$ , $\bar{e} - \bar{p}$ , $div Q$ and -GPCP for the (a) Atlantic, (b) Pacific and (c) Indian oceans at basin scale (first row of ERA-Interim columns in Table 1).

Table 2.

Annual mean (1979–2014) area-averaged moisture budget residuals for the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans with $\bar{e}$ , $\bar{p}$ and $\bar{e} - \bar{p}$ in mm/day.

residual

\bar{e}

\bar{p}

\bar{e} - \bar{p}

Atlantic0.084.012.691.32Pacific0.084.144.070.07

Table 3.

Pearson correlations ( $\tilde{r}$ ) between annual means of ERA-Interim $\bar{e}$ , $- \bar{p}$ and $\bar{e} - \bar{p}$ with $div Q$ and standard deviations ( $σ$ , cm/yr) of $\bar{e}$ , $- \bar{p}$ , $\bar{e} - \bar{p}$ and $div Q$ .

AtlanticPacific

\tilde{r}

σ

\tilde{r}

σ

\bar{e}

0.403.00.514.5

- \bar{p}

0.514.00.394.7

\bar{e} - \bar{p}

0.734.30.646.5

div Q

1.03.01.02.1

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16000870.2017.1330454 | Journal eISSN: 3035-9554

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Language: English

Page range: 1330454 - 1330454

Submitted on: Dec 19, 2016

Accepted on: Dec 19, 2016

Published on: Jan 1, 2017

Published by: Stockholm University Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

run-off,

freshwater transport,

Meridional Overturning Circulation

© 2017 Philip M. Craig, David Ferreira, John Methven, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 69 (2017): Issue 1

The contrast between Atlantic and Pacific surface water fluxes

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Table 1.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Figure 8.

Figure 9.

Figure 10.

Figure 11.

Figure 12.

Table 2.

Table 3.

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