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Thermal regime and components of water balance of lakes in Antarctica at the Fildes peninsula and the Larsemann Hills Cover

Thermal regime and components of water balance of lakes in Antarctica at the Fildes peninsula and the Larsemann Hills

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Volume 69 (2017): Issue 1
By:  and    
Open Access
|Jan 2017
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Study area and the temporal gauging sites equipped during the field campaigns of 2012–2014.

Table 1.

Lakes and gauging sites in the study area. For the lakes at the Larsemann Hills, two names are presented: according to Australian topographic map of 1:10000 (AAD: Australian Antarctic Division, 2005), and according to Gillieson et al. (1990) if any, together with the index, in parenthesis.

Name Index in of the gauge on Fig. 1Lon/LatAltitude, m Catchment area, 103 m2Feeding/outflowLevelDischargeMirage FA00– 62°12′S/58°58′W30.025Snow/NoSlalomnoe FA01FA02162°12′S/58°58′W25.0359Snow/YesKitezh FA05FA031/FA04262°12′S/58°58′W16.12860Snow/YesSredneeFA09– 62°12′S/58°58′W18.947Snow/YesDlinnoeFA11FA12262°18′S/58°57′W14.582Snow/YesGlubokoeFA22FA21162°15′S/59°01′W20.4265Snow/No– – FA31262°18′S/58°59′W25.0224– Stepped (Heart, LH68)LA01LA02269°23′S/76°23′E5578Snow/YesSibthorpe(Mir, LH58)LA03LA04269°24′S/76°24′E60820Ice and Snow/YesProgress(LH57)LA05– 69°24′S/76°24′E65391Ice and Snow/YesSarah Tarn (LH71)LA06– 69°23′S/76°23′E7557Snow/NoScandrett(Nella, LH72)LA08LA10269°24′S/76°22′E152590Ice and Snow/YesReid(Big, LH70)LA09– 69°23′S/76°23′E30196Snow/No– – LA07269°24′S/76°24′E47206–

Note:

[i] For the discharge gauge indexes, the upper figure denotes the gauge type: 1 = discharge inflow, 2 = discharge outflow.

Fig. 2.

The landscapes of (a) the Fildes Peninsula with the watershed of Lake Kitiezh (FA05), and (b) the Larsemann Hills with the artificial dam on the watershed of Lake Stepped (LA01).

Table 2.

Water discharges measured during the field campaigns of 2012–2014 in the outlet/inlet streams, the Field peninsula and the Larsemann Hills.

Gauge index in Fig. 1Period of observationDate – Water discharge, m3 s−1FA0207.01.2012–02.04.201207.01–0.050; 10.01–0.146; 12.01–0.043; 15.01–0.048; 19.01–0.045; 23.01–0.025; 26.01–0.035; 30.01–0.019; 02.02–0.024; 06.02–0.031; 10.02–0.058; 13.02–0.046; 17.02–0.015; 21.02–0.011; 27.02–0.006; 28.02–0.014; 05.03–0.052; 26.03–0.008.FA0307.01.2012–02.04.201209.01–0.032; 12.01–0.017; 15.01–0.022; 19.01–0.018; 23.01–0.005; 26.01–0.015; 02.02–0.018; 06.02–0.005; 10.02–0.018; 13.02–0.018; 17.02–0.004; 21.02–0.029; 26.03–0.002. FA0407.01.2012–02.04.201209.01–0.060; 11.01–0.135; 15.01–0.032; 19.01–0.029; 23.01–0.016; 26.01–0.052; 30.01–0.049; 02.02–0.039; 06.02–0.070; 10.02–0.068; 13.02–0.087; 17.02–0.041; 21.02–0.043; 28.02–0.021; 26.03–0.020; 28.03–0.120. FA1212.01.2012–31.03.201212.01–0.028; 15.01–0.048; 19.01–0.041; 22.01–0.037; 26.01–0.023; 29.01–0.019; 03.02–0.039; 07.02–0.023; 10.02–0.044; 13.02–0.046; 17.02–0.015; 21.02–0.014; 28.02–0.009; 26.03–0.006.FA2108.01.2012–06.03.201208.01–0.013; 16.01–0.004; 19.01–0.001; 22.01–0.008.FA3112.01.2012–06.03.201208.01–0.008; 16.01–0.006; 22.01–0.006; 26.01–0.003; 29.01–0.003; 02.02–0.003; 06.02–0.005; 12.02–0.012.LA0225.12.2012–25.01.201303.01–0.015; 08.01–0.029; 16.01–0.007.10.01.2014–06.02.201410.01 –0.019; 14.01–0.013; 24.01– 0.009.LA0403.01.2013–01.02.201303.01–0.061; 08.01–0.052; 16.01–0.096; 23.01–0.031; 27.01–0.036; 01.02–0.017. LA0702.01.2013–01.02.201303.01–0.006; 08.01–0.019; 16.01–0.002; 23.01–0.006; 27.01–0.001; 01.02–0.001.LA1003.01.2013–01.02.201303.01–0.101; 08.01–0.159; 16.01–0.053; 23.01–0.043; 27.01–0.024; 01.02–0.038.07.01.2014–10.02.201412.01–0.099; 19.01–0.040; 25.01–0.069.
Table 3.

Observed summer climatology for the period of 1968–2010 at the Fildes peninsula, according to the station Bellingshausen (89050), and for the period of 1988–2010 at the Larsemann Hills, according to the station Progress (89574), as well as the observed mean values of the meteorological parameters during the field campaigns of 2012–2014.

Meteorological valueFildes peninsula (station Bellingshausen)Larsemann Hills (station Progress)JanFebMarJanFebMarAir temperature, °Cclimatology1.51.50.50.6–2.6–8.220121.50.80.9–––2013–––1.0–2.9–2014–––1.6–2.6–Relative humidity, %climatology888988616062.22012898588–––2013–––6860–2014–––6261–Monthly precipitation amount, mmclimatology54.766.272.85.211.216.9201238.861.768.2–––2013–––22.46.8–2014––4.78.1–Wind speed, m s−1climatology6.46.87.24.56.26.320126.56.96.6–––2013–––4.66.4–2014–––4.15.5–Cloudiness, oktasclimatology7.47.37.35.05.56.320127.26.77.4–––2013–––6.55.3–2014–––5.26.1–Low cloudiness, oktasclimatology6.36.36.32.00.12.920126.45.86.5–––2013–––2.72.6–2014–––2.63.1–Sunshine duration, hoursclimatology886655347180118.4201212812880–––2013–––189240–2014–––342221–
Table 4.

Morphology of the lakes according to the historical records and obtained from the surveys of 2012–2014.

Lake name (index of the level gauge in Fig. 1)Historical surveys (Gillieson et al., 1990, Orlov, 1973, Simonov, 1973)Surveys of 2012–2014 L/WD max SVD mean L/WD max SVD mean Mirage (FA00)– – – – – 45/261.31.22.31.8Slalomnoe (FA01)250/1506.626.369.12.6242/102– 24.852.12.1Kitezh (FA05)600/32010.0145.0553.93.8566/16616.193.8412.84.4Srednee (FA09)60/505.32.33.21.483/42– 3.46.11.8Dlinnoe (FA11)320/804.319.245.02.3275/130– 26.260.83.3Glubokoe (FA22)315/25216.056.3305.35.4348/302– 69.1368.15.3Stepped (LA01)255/2554.550.0––283/2555.547.340.50.9Sibthorpe (LA03)375/1650.7125.0– –415/335– ––– Progress (LA05) 600/30034105.0– –814/33736.0160.61812.411.2Sarah Tarn (LA06)120/602.510.0– – 121/56– 6.110.51.7Scandrett/Nella (LA08)945/1958.2130.0–– 885/24515.2155.91033.26.6Reid (LA09)300/903.855.0– – 312/103– 33.126.50.8

Note:

[i] L and W = the mean length and width (m) correspondingly, D max  = the maximal depth (m), D mean  = the mean depth (m), S = the surface area (103 m2) and V = the volume (103 m3).

Fig. 3.

Results of the sensitivity experiments of the modelled LWST to the light extinction coefficient (E). Lines of different colours show the evolution of the modelled LSWT with different values of E (according to the legend), blue dots show the observed LSWT for the period of the measurement campaign at the Fildes Peninsula for Lake Kitezh (FA05) (a) and at the Larsemann Hills for Lake Stepped (LA01) (b).

Table 5.

Light extinction coefficient values E * , observed and modelled mean and maximum LSWT, model errors, and observed and modelled freeze-up dates for different lakes (for lake morphological parameters, see Table 4).

Lake name (index of the level gauge in Fig. 1)E, m−1LSWT, °CBias**, °CRMSE, °CFreeze-up date ObservedModelled ObservedModelledmean maxmeanmaxMirage (FA00)0.803.1 8.03.2 5.90.11.321.03.201222.03.2012Slalomnoe (FA01)0.803.27.93.5 6.30.01.322.03.201223.03.2012Kitezh (FA05)0.454.0 9.54.0 6.30.01.405.04.201201.04.2012Srednee (FA09)0.753.5 12.53.5 6.50.01.626.03.201222.03.2012Dlinnoe (FA11)0.855.3 13.55.5 10.40.22.124.03.201201.04.2012Glubokoe (FA22)0.354.8 7.04.8 6.20.00.731.03.201204.04.2012Stepped (LA01)4.404.4 10.53.8 9.8–0.62.225.02.201422.02.2014Progress (LA05)0.153.2 9.23.9 5.40.71.826.02.201402.03.2014Sarah Tarn (LA06)4.403.4 7.53.0 9.2–0.43.122.02.201422.02.2014Scandrett/Nella (LA08)0.384.1 7.62.9 6.0–1.22.423.02.201426.02.2014Reid (LA09)4.203.8 7.24.09.10.22.624.02.201422.02.2014

Note:

Lake Sibthorpe (LA03) was excluded from the experiments because it was drained off during both measurements campaigns.

* E was not measured, but chosen to minimize the model bias.

** Calculated as the observed minus modelled value.

Fig. 4.

Evolution of the meteorological forcing for the lake model FLake for the Fildes Peninsula (from station Bellingshausen) for the period the measurement campaign of 2012, right column, and for the Larsemann Hills (from station Progress) for the period the measurement campaign of 2014, left column: (a) screen level temperature (red line) and dew point (green line), °C; (b) wind speed W, m s−1; (c) calculated net shortwave radiation SWNet, W m−2 (the lake water albedo is constant and equal to 0.07); (d) calculated downward longwave radiation flux, LWDown, W m−2. Here, all radiation fluxes are positive downward, from the atmosphere to the (lake water) surface.

Fig. 5.

The evolution of LSWT during measurement campaigns of 2012 at the Fildes Peninsula (right column) and of 2014 at the Larsemann Hills: observed (blue dots) and modelled by FLake (red line).

Fig. 6.

The evolution during the periods of measurement campaigns of 2012 (the Fildes Peninsula) and 2014 (the Larsemann Hills) of the mean water temperature Tm (black line), bottom temperature Tb (green line) and mixed layer depth H (red line) as simulated by FLake for different lakes at these sites. See comments in the text.

Fig. 7.

The temperature profiles at different moments in time for Lake Stepped (LA01) for 2013: February, 5 (red line), February, 10 (green line), February, 23 (blue line).

Fig. 8.

The evolution of the lake water surface heat balance and its components, (W m−2), calculated by FLake, for Lake Kitezh (FA05) at the Fildes Peninsula for the period of the measurement campaign of 2012 and for Lake Scandrett/Nella (LA10) at the Larsemann Hills for the period of the measurement campaign of 2014: (a, e) net longwave radiation; (b, f) sensible heat flux; (c, g) latent heat flux; (d, h) heat balance. Here, all fluxes are positive upward, from the lake to the atmosphere.

Table 6.

Seasonal and daily evaporation from the lake water surface for the period of measurements, from the atmospheric surface layer block by FLake and estimated by the empirical equation of Odrova (1978).

Lake name (index of the level gauge in Fig. 1)PeriodEvaporation, mm m−2By FLake surface layer blockFollowing Odrova (1978)Total amount for the periodMean dailyTotal amount for the periodMean dailyMirage (FA00)15.01–31.03.201283.6 1.160.10.8Slalomnoe (FA01)15.01–31.03.201291.11.261.20.8Kitezh (FA05)16.01–31.03.2012100.61.379.01.0Srednee (FA09)16.01–31.03.201290.71.266.90.9Dlinnoe (FA11)08.02–31.03.201274.01.448.90.9Glubokoe (FA22)08.02–31.03.201270.41.369.21.3Stepped (LA01)04.01–05.03.2014115.71.996.31.6Progress (LA05)06.01–07.03.2014117.21.979.81.4Sarah Tarn (LA06)05.01–10.03.2014117.11.887.11.5Scandrett/Nella (LA08)05.01–09.03.2014117.51.881.21.4Reid (LA09)05.01–08.03.2014120.21.998.61.7
Fig. 9.

The precipitation and water discharges measured by appropriate gauges at the rivulets on the Fildes Peninsula (left column) and the Larsemann Hills (right column).

Table 7.

Level variability and surface runoff characteristics during the periods of observations.

Lake nameRObs periodGauge indexL, mS, km2D, m3 s–1CVq w ,, m3 s−1 km−2MirageA07.01–02.04.12FA00a+0.08––––SlalomnoeR07.01–02.04.12FA01a−0.09––––FA02b–0.6100.0320.820.052KitezhR07.01–02.04.12FA05a−0.12––––FA03c–0.1600.0130.770.081FA04b–2.860.0510.460.018SredneeR07.01–02.04.12FA09a−0.22––––DlinnoeR12.01–31.03.12FA11a−0.12––––FA12b–0.0800.0200.610.024GlubokoeR08.01–06.03.12FA22a−0.47––––FA21b–0.2650.0021.830.008––12.01–06.03.12FA31d–0.2240.0050.570.022SteppedR25.12.12–01.02.13LA01a−0.03––––LA02b–0.197/ 0.2700.0100.630.051/ 0.18910.01–09.03.14LA01a−0.06––––LA02b–0.1970.0090.470.045SibthorpeB03.01–01.02.13LA03a−0.86––––LA04b–0.580/ 1.430.0800.920.138/ 0.05618.01–27.02.14LA03a–––––LA04b–1.43–––ProgressB03.01–01.02.13LA05a−0.94––––04.01–07.03.14LA05a−0.84––––Sarah TarnA03.01–01.02.13LA06a+0.20––––04.01–10.03.14LA06a+0.22––––––02.01–01.02.13LA07d–0.2060.0301.120.146Scandrett/NellaR03.01–01.02.13LA08a−0.04––––LA10b–1.140.0790.600.06907.01–10.03.14LA08a−0.03––––LA10b–1.140.0580.610.051ReidR03.01–01.02.13LA09a−0.04––––04.01–10.03.14LA09a–0.05––––

Note:

[i] R is a type of regulation: A = accumulation, R = redistribution, B = accumulation and abrupt changes. For the gauge indexes, the upper figure denotes the gauge type: a = level, b = discharge outflow, c = discharge inflow, d = discharge. L = the maximum level change, S = the creeks catchment area, D = the mean daily discharge, CV = the variation coefficient, q w  = the average daily specific water discharge. For Lake Stepped and Lake Sibthorphe, the values in the nominator and denominator mean before and after dam breaking.

Table 8.

Water balance components of the studied lakes in the Antarctic.

Lake name SeasondV, 103, m3P, 103, m3E/E FLake , 103, m3Y in , 103, m3Y out , 103, m3M/M FLake , 103, m3D/D FLake , 103, m3Terms in DMirage (FA00)20120.090.180.07/0.10––0.11/0.08–0.02/0.01–G out + G in Kitezh (FA05)2012–17.423.211.5/14.6332.0379.0–35.3/–38.417.9/21.0–G out + G in Dlinnoe (FA11)2012–2.32.90.9/1.4–142.1–140.1/–140.6137.8/138.3–G out + G in Glubokoe (FA22)2012–26.59.03.9/3.99.8–14.9/14.9–41.4/–41.4–G out + G in –WStepped (LA01)2013–1.41.3n–[26.6][–25.3][23.9]–G out + G in –W–E2014–1.40.64.6/5.5–20.7–24.7/–25.623.3/24.2–G out + G in –WProgress (LA05)2013–151.03.5n–[150.2][–146.7][–4.3]–G out + G in –E2014–134.92.17.7/18.8–[128.3][–133.9]/[–145.0][–1.0]/[10.1]–G out + G in Sarah Tarn (LA06)20131.20.1n––0.11.1–G out + G in –E20141.30.10.5/0.7–––0.4/–0.61.7/1.9–G out + G in Scandrett/Nella (LA08)2013–6.43.4nn203.8–200.4194.1–G out + G in + Y in –E2014–4.72.07.6/18.3n170.9–176.5/–187.2171.8/182.5–G out + G in + Y in Reid(LA09)2013–1.30.7n––0.7–2.1–G out + G in –E2014–1.70.43.2/4.0–––2.8/–3.61.1/1.9–G out + G in

[i] Note: dV = the seasonal volume changes; P = the amount of precipitation over open water surface; E and E FLake  = the amount of evaporation from open water surface calculated following Odrova (1978) and by FLake; Y in and Y out  = the volume of runoff per period; M/M FLake = (P + Y in – Y out – E/E FLake ); D/D FLake  = dV – M/M FLake . Dash means no inflow or outflow, value in brackets means estimated approximately, n means not estimated.

Fig. 10.

The level changes on the lakes of different sizes at the Larsemann Hills. The image on the right is extracted from the orthomap with the scale 1:4000 (State Bureau, 2006).

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16000870.2017.1317202 | Journal eISSN: 3035-9554
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Language: English
Page range: 1317202 - 1317202
Submitted on: Jan 21, 2017
Accepted on: Apr 4, 2017
Published on: Jan 1, 2017
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
Antarctica,
lake thermal regime,
lake water balance components,
seasonal freshwater inflow,
lake model FLake

© 2017 Elena Shevnina, Ekaterina Kourzeneva, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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