Distribution of cost per user (SEK) over number of municipalities.Source: NBHW (2013).
Note: The minimum is 54,567 SEK, the maximum is 400,404 SEK. This range is divided into 16 percentiles with equal widths.
Table 1.
Quality indicators surveyed in NBHW (2013) (Indicators used in the models in bold, for motivation of the selection of indicators, see note 10).
Coherence and coordination • Internal coordination. Updated routines for coordination with: • Social work units for children & youth • Welfare support • Homeless • Addiction treatment • Social psychiatry • Violence in close relationships • Care of elderly • External coordination. Agreements for cooperation with: • Job centre • Social insurance board • County council Departments of Children habilitation • Adult habilitation • Children psychiatry • Adult psychiatry Individual plans• There is a routine for offering individual plans. • There is a routine for documenting that an individual plan has been offered. • Information on LSS is available on the web in alternative formats ‘Easy language’ • Sign language • Audio Text file Information at the social work department available in:• Audio • Daisy • Sign language Control• Decisions on housing are followed up. • Decisions on DAs are followed up. Self-determination and integrity• User surveys are conducted. • Habilitation fees are paid to the clients. • At least one previous user has started to work at a regular or sheltered work place during the last year. • There is routine for reviewing users’ possibilities for a job or internship. Competence of case workers • Proportion of LSS administration time conducted by case workers with a university degree. • Proportion of LSS administration time conducted by case workers with an updated developmental plan. • There is an overall plan for development of staff’s competence
Figure 2.
The distribution of indicators. Source: NBHW (2013).
Table 2.
Variable description (time-indices suppressed).
VariableDescriptionSourceThe logarithm of expenditure for LSS daily activities per user, SEK per yearThe National Board of Health and WelfareThe logarithm of mean income in thousands SEK.Statistics SwedenGrantThe logarithm of LSS Grants for cost equalization, thousands SEK per capita. Grants per capita is divided by 10,000 and then adding the number one to be able to take the log.Statistics SwedenShare of people in the municipality that votes for the left-wing parties (Social Democratic Party and/or the Left Party) and/or conservative parties are in majoritySwedish Association of Local Authorities and RegionsThe logarithm of total population.Statistics SwedenThe municipality income tax rate (the sum of the municipality and county council tax rates).Statistics SwedenAverage annual unemployment rate.Swedish public Employment serviceShare of the population that has LSS support.The National Board of Health and WelfareDummy variable that takes the value one if municipality i has a written and managerially determined routine for at least annually reviewing possibilities for job or internship to persons involved in daily activities. This routine should have been effective on 21 November 2012 .The value is zero otherwiseThe National Board of Health and WelfareA dummy variable equal to one if municipality i has a written and managerial determined routine to offer every participant an individual plan. This routine should have been effective on 21 November 2012. The value is zero otherwiseThe National Board of Health and WelfareA dummy variable equal to one if municipality i has made at least one study on the participants’ perception of the LSS activities in the municipality/district, during the period 21 November 2010–21 November 2012. The value is zero otherwiseThe National Board of Health and WelfareA dummy variable equal to one if municipality i has followed up all who have received a decision on eligibility to daily activities during the period 21 November 2011–21 November 2012. The monitoring must have been recorded in the medical record / personal file. The value is zero otherwise.The National Board of Health and WelfareA dummy variable equal to one if municipality i have an overall plan for staff development? The plan should have been effective 1 October 2012. The value is zero otherwise.The National Board of Health and WelfareA dummy variable equal to one if the municipality has had at least one person that has gone from daily activities to work during the period 21 November 2011–21 November 2012. (The decision on daily activities has ceased). The value is zero otherwise.The National Board of Health and Welfare21 dummy variables controlling for what county council the municipality belongs to.The National Board of Health and Welfare
Table 3.
Summary statistics 2012: Means, min, max and standard deviations.
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)VariablesNMeanSDMedianMinMaxCost252182,516.25563,809.902175,40054,567400,404Tax base252257,21133,909.909249,550210,400490,500Tax rate2520.3220.011.32350.2890.343Grant252131107556.5−28434641No. of users252102112.239595742Unempl.2520.0700.022.0690.0220.148Population25229,15230,859.24016,5892794202,625Left2520.4060.121.3890.0720.795
Figure 3.
Box plot of averages and spreads (50% and 95% confidence intervals, and outliers) of cost per user by indicator. Source: NBHW (2013). Note: 1 = Yes, 0 = No.
Note: Dependent variable: Expenditure for LSS daily activities per person. The table presents the unstandardized coefficients. Robust standard errors are used and p-values are presented in parentheses. *,**,*** indicate 10%, 5% and 1% significance levels. All 31 combinations that include between one and five of the structure quality variables were estimated but only five are shown here. Job routine is significant at the 10% level in models that also include Plan, or both Plan and Monitoring. Competence plan is insignificant if estimated together with Job routine and User survey or Job routine, User survey and Monitoring. Survey is insignificant if estimated together with Competence plan and Monitoring.
Table 5.
Probit-model results.
Full modelUser survey0.078(0.72)Competence plan0.092(0.65)Job routine0.617**(0.03)Individual plan−0.053(0.80)Monitoring0.016(0.96)Tax base−0.901(0.56)Tax rate11.282(0.55)Grant−18.009(0.35)No. of users0.464(0.31)Unempl.−3.906(0.61)Policy0.059(0.96)Population0.124(0.80)Constant4.696(0.83)N233Log pseudolikelihood−119.98601Wald chi279.43Prob > chi20.0000
Note: Dependent variable: Transition to work. The table presents the unstandardized coefficients. Robust standard errors are used and p-values are presented in parentheses. *,**,*** indicate 10%, 5% and 1% significance levels.
Table A1.
Correlations between quality indicators and the dependent variables.
