Factors of importance in the world of work for young people with intellectual disabilities

Authors and publishing yearNation and research instituteAimMethodPopulation of studyValue of workIndividual and environmental difficultiesSupportRelation to gender/sexAntonsson, Sivert, 2002University of Uppsala, SwedenDescribe decisive occurrences for youth with disabilities against the labour marketQualitative interviews21 young persons with different disabilitiesWork highly valued, hard to get and maintainDiscuss a mixture of both individual and environmental factorsSupported employmentDifferent gender/sexes in the population, not discussedBjarnarson, Dóra S. 2005University of Education, Reykjavik, IcelandDescribe and discuss the students perspectives of their experience of participation in schoolQualitative in-depth semi-structured interviews,36 young adults with, varied severe impairments, 27 still in schoolDiscuss how school environment leads pupils in to different waysInclusive and exclusive schoolingDifferent gender/sexes in the population, not discussedBåtevik, Finn Ove and Myklebust, Jon Olav, 2006Möre Research, Volda univ. College/Möre Research, NorwayDiscuss circumstances that affect how successful former students with special educational needs are in gaining a foothold in the job marketLongitudinal study of information gathered from schools in six different counties494 former students with special educational needsWork important, e.g. financial independence, creating identityIndividual difficulties depended on functional levelCooperation between school and local businessGender not the main focus but became an important conclusion; different pathways for young men and women caused by different choicesCaton, Sue, Kagan, Carolyn, 2006Dep. of Psych. and Speech Pathology, Manchester Univ. UKAssess of the transition towards adult life for school leavers with mild intellectual disabilitiesA combin. of longitudinal design and triangulation, interviews, observationsAll school leavers 1998 in three different schools, n=90. The group in the end n=23Discuss the attrition from the final year at school as a potential loss from the label disability, discussed in terms of loss of serviceGender/sex differences; male school leavers harder to locate, not discussed in gender termsDixon, Roselyn, Reddacliff, Chaterine, 2001Faculty of Nursing, University of Sydney, AustraliaExamine the contributions witch families made to success young adults competitive employmentsQualitative semi-struct. interviews, modified life history, demographic data cross checked with parents and staff.Eight male and seven female participants with mild ID, age from 19–30Competitive work to increase vocational skill and develop identities as workersFamily support, practical assistance, moral support and protectionThe sex is differentiated but not discussedEisenman, Laura T. 2003School of Education, University of Delaware, Newark, USASummarize current research, identify theories, make connections to school-to-work theories outside special education, suggest shape of future researchReview and synthesis of transitions literatureSpecial education and school-to-work transition literatureWork highly valued, primary indicator of adult success, hard to getSome gender differences in chances to get a job, explained by women make different choice about career, not discussedFillary, Rose, Pernice, Regina 2005School of Health Sciences, Massey University, New ZealandIdentify inclusive characteristics in eight work environments and to assess inclusion levels of people with and without intellectual disabilitiesUsed Hagner′s Workplace Culture Survey, 31 questions relating in five areas against workplaceNine supported workers with intellectual disabilities and nine co-workers without disabilitiesWork place culture important. Workers with higher support needs is less included on the workplacesThe sex is differentiated, not discussedForrester-Jones, Rachel Jones, Samantha, Heason, Sophie, Di′Terlizi, Michele 2004Tizard Centre, Univ. of Kent at Canterbury, Dept. of Psych, Univ. of Sheffield, UKMap changes in social network size, membership and social support provided, following one year of supported employmentThe composition and quality of individuals' social networks mapped using a Social Network Guide. Quantified interviews18 individuals who entered Bridge Employment, a supported employment agency in SheffieldWork to maintain network size and be a way to meet others then professionals and familySupported employment agencyThe sex is differentiated, not discussedHolmes, Janet, Fillary, Rose 2000Univ. of Wellington, Eastern Instit. of Tchnology Hawke′s Bay, New ZealandAnalyse tape- recorded workplace small talk. Points out where workers with intellectual disabilities could get troubleCollecting tape-recorded interactions from different workplaces, the collecting done by volunteers from each workplace.84 interactions collected in workplaces there young male workers with intellectual disabilities had been placedEmployment central of participation in communityIndividual difficulties with ‘social small talk’, no environmental issue discussedOnly studied male workplaces, not discussed gender biasKiernan, William 2000Institute for Community Inclusion, Univ. of Massachusetts, Boston, USAOverview the status of employments for people with IDReview of literature about Supported EmploymentAdults with IDEmployment gives economic independence, social identification and increased networkDiscuss changes in workplace, social systems and attitudes toward people with IDSupported employmentLarsson, Per Olof, 2006Dep. of Social work, Univ. of Gothenburg SwedenStudy integration in work and daily activity amongst people with IDCombined quantitative observation and qualitative interviews (case studies)Six persons in daily activity and three persons in wage-supported employmentWork highly valued, a way to ‘normal’ life patternsSupport in the workplacesThe sex is differentiated, not discussedLuftig, Richard, Muthert, Dorothy, 2005Dep. of Educational Psych., Miami Univ., USAInvestigate how special needs graduated have fared in their employment careers16-item questionnaire to the participants36 individuals with special needs studies behind themWork hard to get, work a way to independent lifeIndividual difficultiesInclusionary school with vocational and technology trainingThe sex is differentiated, not discussedMoore, Corey L., Feist-Price, Sonja, Alston, Reginald 2002Langston Univ., Univ. of Kentucky, Univ. of Illinois, USAExamine the relationship between race, vocational rehabilitation services and rehabilitations outcomesQuantitative analysis of statistic data from vocational services database188 African Americans or European Americans with severe or profound IDIndividual difficulties, also discussed that then ID more severe the underrepresented culture have more negatively outcomeVocational rehabilitationThe sex is differentiated, not discussedMoran, Robert, McDermott, Suzanne, Butkus, Stanley 2001Univ. of South Carolina, Dept. of Disabilities and Special Needs, Columbia, USAReport some findings about getting a job, sustaining a job and losing a jobStatistical analysis of data from Local Board of job programme, training, register data from Dep. of Disabilities and Special Needs7750 individuals with ID, aged 19–64 yearsWork hard to get, easy to lose, ‘over-whelming underemployment’Individual difficulties, discuss that it is important for policy- makers to adopt a strategy for progressThe sex is differentiated, shows that men have easier to get a job but no further gender discussionO′Hara, Brett 2004Social Security Administration Baltimore, USAExamine wage discrimination against women with disabilities during the initial employment processLongitudinal data from Survey of Income and Programme ParticipationWomen without disabilities, with disabilities that elicit little prejudice, and with disabilities that elicit more prejudiceDiscussed social obstacles and barriersAnalyse in a gender perspective, women with disabilities is twice penalizedPetrovski, Pandora, Gleeson, G. 1997Dept. of Psychology Univ. of Western Sydney, AustraliaExamine job satisfaction in association with physiological health in workers with an intellectual disability who had secured competitive employment positionIn-depth semi-structured interviews31 workers with a mild ID, aged between 18–41 yearsJob satisfaction influences life satisfactionDiscuss how negative attitudes to disability will make handicapped persons adjustment more difficultAnalyse of gender, no differences in job satisfaction, females greater loneliness at workPierce, Kristen, McDermott, Suzanne, Butkus, Stanley 2003Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia, Dep. of Disabilities Columbia, USADescribe job tenure and wages for people with mental retardation and factors affecting movement from non-competitive jobs to competitive jobsRegister data from Dep. of Disabilities an Special NeedsNew hire in 1997, age 19–64, IQ between 20–80, no autism, $50 or more earned per week, residential careEmployment as a key goal for people with IDIt is no big differences in several characteristics that predicts maintaining at work, level of initial wage a important predictorSex/gender as a variable, no differences in job tenure and wages between female and maleReid, Patricia, Bray, Anne 1997Nelson Polytechnic Donald Beasley Institute, New ZealandSought the opinions of workers, supporters, employers, and offer strategies for greater employments ratesParticipant research, semi-structured interviews17 successful workers with ID and 11 others key persons whom the seventeen had pointed outWork highly valued by the persons themselves and by the communitySupport very important, both by work support agencies and by familyGender is not the main issue but the study involves and discuss gender differences in type of work, outdoors for men and indoor for womenRingsby Jansson, Bibbi Olsson, Sören 2006Univ. of Gothenburg Trollhättan/Uddevalla Univ., SwedenShow how different life patterns have been created among young people with IDSemi-structured interviews with professionals, and participating observations and interviews with 23 young with IDThe interviews provides an overall picture amongst 60 young with ID, the observations amongst 23 of the 60Structural changes in welfare system implies larger force to participate in the labour marketDifferentiated life patterns amongst young people with ID, depending on changes in societyGender is not the main issue but the study involves and discuss gender effectsRose, John, Katie Saunders, Hensel, Elisabeth, Kroese, Biza Stenfort 2005School of psychology, University of Birmingham, UKIdentify factors that may affect the likelihood that people with ID will find employment through a supported employment agencyRetrospective analysis of files of individuals who has use an supported employment agencyThe files of 200 clients (men 83%) who had most recently left the supported employment agencyWork implies a positive effect on the mental and physical health, work hard to getA brief description of environmental factors such as discrimination and ‘benefit traps’ but the main conclusion is about the individuals own motivationSupported employment agencySex/gender is one variable, not discussed further although the dominance of male clients in the studyShearn, Julia, Beyer, Stephen, Felce, David 2000Welsh Centre for Learning Disabilities Applied Research Unit, UKEvaluate differences in outcomes and cost-effectiveness between SE and traditional day service activities for people with high support needsComparing the costs and outcomes for service in workplaces and daycentrePeople with ID over 18 and at least one add. disability, seven with part-time employment and seven with day centre careSupported employment and traditional special needs day centreBias in gender representation in the two groups, discuss gender differences in general but not in the studyStephens, Dawn, Collins, Michael, Dodder, Richard 2005Division of Social and Behav. Sciences, William Penn Univ., Oklahoma Univ., USAExamine whether employment and inte-grative types of employment are instrumental factors of change in adaptive skills and presence of challenging behavioursQuantitative and longitudinal, following individual through move-ment across types of employment2760 individuals with developmental disabilities in Oklahoma who were receiving services 1997–98Employment valued, social integration, economic benefits and increased well-beingStrong relationship between the level of integrative employment and adaptive skillsDifferenced gender/sex, one remark that it is easier for white males to get a job, no further discussionStevens, P., Martin, Neil 1999Dep. of Psychology, Lambeth Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UKOverview of supported employment and its historical context, discuss SE for individuals with both ID and challenging behaviour, briefly outline a work modelBased on previous work in the field and discuss against theory about challenging behaviourDirected to staff who would work with people with ID an challenging behaviour and their way to employmentWork highly valued for sense of identity and status in societySupported employmentSzönyi, Kristina, 2005University of Stockholm, SwedenIncrease the knowledge about the pupils experience from special schoolQualitative interviews, in group and individually24 pupils in special school, aged between 7–22 yearDiscuss attitudes and prejudices from the environment, the individuals urge of being treated as ‘normal’Differenced sex, not discussedTaanila, Anja, Rantkalliio, P., Koiranen, M., von Wendt, L., Järvelin, M-R. 2005Univ. of Oulu, Finland, Univ. of Helsinki, Finland, Dep. of Epidem. and Public Health, London, UKStudy how many individuals with ID in an age cohort where not receiving a disability pension by the age of 34 and what their life situations was like in terms of employment, education an morbidityCollect obtained data on employment, education, pensions and morbidity from national registersAge cohort of 1966, 129 individuals with intellectual disabilities and 147 individuals with borderline IQ, all in the age of 34 years.Work highly valued, to avoid marginalization and ill-health. Work is hard to get for people with IDOnly individual attributes are measuredDifferenced sex, no further discussionTaber, Teresa A., Alberto, Paul, A., Fredrick, Laura D. 1998Dep. of Educational Psych. and Special Education, Univ. of Atlanta, USACompare the effectiveness of single- and multiple-word auditory prompts, determine if useful to teach workers with IDVideotaped observations of how the pupils handles the prompts – time and success statistically analysedFive pupils, aged 16–18 with moderate ID, integrated in high school and participated in vocational trainingIndividual difficultiesTechnical support in terms of self-operated auditory promptsThe sex is differentiated, not discussedTideman, Magnus 2000Dep. of Social Work University of Gothenburg SwedenStudy a community reform and their consequences for children, youth and adults with IDA combination of modified life level studies and qualitative interviews, collected as a collective case study1991=516, 1995=429 adults with ID (at least 331 persons cooperate in both) and 1991=284 1995=356 parents to children with IDSocial categorization as disability=creating process, the increased number of pupils in special school is mainly explained with the comprehensive school cutbacksDiscuss briefly traditionally differences between the sexes, explained as individual circumstancesUmb-Carlsson, Öie, Sonnander, Karin 2006Dep. of Neuroscienc, Uppsala Univ, Dep. of Public Health, Uppsala Univ., SwedenCompare living conditions of men and women with ID and relate the results among the general population in corresponding age groupQuestionnaire to relatives or staff of people with ID. Register information on living conditions of the general population112 persons with ID gave their informed consentWork hard to getSupported daily activitiesDiscuss few differences in living conditions between men and women amongst people with ID compared to the general populationWest, Michael, Wehman, Paul Brody, Wehman, Paul 2005Rehab. research, Virginia Common-wealth Univ, Richmond, James Madison Univ., Harrison- burg, USADescribe two programmes designed to enhance social and employment opportunities for individuals with ID. Present implications for the fieldComparing and describe two programme in two major citiesPersons with ID who participate in programmes for integrate them in schools on all levels, in business and industriesWork high valued and important – status, financial possibilities, decreases stigma, interaction with other, and independencyMain focus on environmental factors and the importance to provide prejudices by creating opportunities to one-to-one friendshipsSupported employment and Best Buddies Jobs, a development from Best Buddies from college settingsYanchak, Kristen, Lease, Suzanne, Strauser, David 2005Depart of Counselling, Psychology and Research, University of Memphis, USAComparing dysfunctional career thoughts and perception of vocational identity for individuals with cognitive an physical disabilitiesAn initial interview and two survey instruments, demographic information by register verified in the interview90 individuals with disabilities, receiving vocational evaluating service (46 with cognitive and 44 with physical disability)Work hard to get for people with disabilityDiscuss that people with disabilities have more difficulties with career decision-making in terms individual difficultiesThe gender/sex is differenced, not discussed