Long-Term Illness as an Occupational-Career Interruption: Gender Differences in the Determinants and Outcomes in Sweden

Table 1.

VariableWomen^aMen^bMeanSDMeanSDEvent and duration variablesIllness0.0800.2710.0450.207Time in the labor force35.0214.8335.9914.28Dependent variableLog of monthly job income, 19989.5550.4009.8740.420Log of monthly job income, 19939.3360.3609.7230.335Job characteristicsWork full-time0.3020.4600.6190.486Blue collar job, 19930.1280.3340.1230.329College degree0.2950.4570.2580.428Age51.0214.8351.9914.28Age squared2822.41587.12906.71545.1Family characteristicsChild in the household, 19930.5940.4910.3770.485Single parent0.0440.2040.0240.154Spouse, 19930.7880.4090.8330.373^an=1078 for all variables except log of income, 1993 (n=403) and log of income, 1998 (n=604).^bn=1112 for all variables except log of income, 1993 (n=432) and log of income, 1998 (n=678).

Table 2.

Model 1Model 2WomenMenWomenMenCovariatesRegression coefficientRobust standard errors^aHazard ratioRegression coefficientsRobust standard errorsHazard ratioRegression coefficientsRobust standard errors^aHazard ratioRegression coefficientsRobust standard errorsHazard ratioFamily characteristicsSpouse in 1993 (yes=1)0.0490.2961.050−0.5870.4170.556Child in household, 1993 (yes=1)0.516*0.2531.6751.6070.3494.986Single parent (yes=1)−0.9621.0420.3821.644*0.7275.177Job characteristicsWork full-time0.0170.2591.017−0.1480.3640.863College degree (yes=1)1.127***0.2303.0860.4110.3381.508Blue-collar job (yes=1)0.1530.3511.1650.6720.4471.957Wald χ²5.10 (2 df)21.75 (2 df)25.67 (4 df)8.74 (4 df)Log-pseudolikelihood−533.743−300.596−524.498−308.930n1078111210781112^aStandard errors are adjusted for sample size.***p<0.001, **p<0.01 one-tailed, *p<0.05 one-tailed.

Table 3.

Have child in householdYesNoProportion experiencing an illnessCohortYoung (age 23–40 years, n=536) Women0.0900.128 Men0.0540.014Middle-aged (age 41–55 years, n=828) Women0.0630.080 Men0.0500.067Old (age 56+years, n=826) Women0.1050.052 Men0.0870.036

Table 4.

CovariatesModel 1Model 2WomenMenWomenMenRegression coefficientsRobust standard errors^aRegression coefficientsRobust standard errorsRegression coefficientsRobust standard errors^aRegression coefficientsRobust standard errorsIllness (yes=1)−0.103*0.053−0.0680.076−0.092*0.046−0.5500.078Log of monthly job income0.859***0.0720.832***0.0530.727***0.0970.812***0.065Family characteristicsSpouse, 1993 (yes=1)−0.0610.064−0.0310.034Child in household, 1993 (yes=1)*child in household, 1996 (yes=1)0.0380.0320.0040.026Job characteristicsWork full-time (yes=1)0.062*0.0380.0350.042Blue collar job, 1993 (yes=1)−0.063*0.031−0.0490.030College degree (yes=1)0.112***0.0310.086**0.033Age0.0200.016−0.0050.014Age squared−0.0000.000−0.0000.000R-square0.6120.5770.6570.609Root MSE0.2420.2320.2310.227Constant1.5440.6841.8360.5172.3580.8862.2230.731n301347299388^aStandard errors are clustered and are robust, Huber/White sandwich estimates.***p<0.001, **p<0.01 one-tailed, *p<0.05 one-tailed.